{"id":14110,"date":"2015-01-06T10:59:29","date_gmt":"2015-01-06T08:59:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=14110"},"modified":"2019-01-28T20:40:55","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T17:40:55","slug":"her-sey-kentsel-olacak-cihan-uzuncarsili-baysal-sendika-org","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/her-sey-kentsel-olacak-cihan-uzuncarsili-baysal-sendika-org\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Her \u015fey kentsel olacak\u2019 \u2013 Cihan Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131 Baysal (Sendika.Org)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u2018\u2019Kent yok mu olacak yoksa gezegenin t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6z alabildi\u011fine kentsel bir kovana m\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek? \u2013 ki bu da yok olman\u0131n ba\u015fka bir bi\u00e7imi demektir \u2019\u2019 \u00a0(Mumford; 1989).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Senenin bu ilk g\u00fcnlerinde, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki kentlerin gidi\u015fat\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak kentlerin gelece\u011fine yerimiz elverdi\u011fince bir projeksiyon yapaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

BM \u0130nsan Yerle\u015fimleri Birimi Habitat raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re (2008), 2008 senesinde e\u015fik a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 kentlerde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 raporlara g\u00f6re, 50 sene i\u00e7inde, yani 2060 senesi civarlar\u0131nda, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 3\u2019te 2\u2019sinin kentlerde ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Kentle\u015fmenin ivmesinin geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde \u00e7ok h\u0131zlanaca\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler aras\u0131nda; nitekim 2000-2010 aras\u0131nda kentlerdeki en y\u00fcksek n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 Asya ve Afrika\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f. Bu e\u011filim devam ederse, ilerki ony\u0131llarda Asya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck metropolitan g\u00fc\u00e7 olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir (Angotti 2013).<\/p>\n

City University of New York (CUNY) \u015eehircilik ve Planlama b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Prof. Tom Angotti,\u00a0Metropolisin Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u00a0<\/em>(2013) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019da kentlerin geli\u015fmelerindeki bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131na i\u015faret ederek, modern metropolisin[1]<\/a>\u00a0vars\u0131l-yoksul, do\u011fu-bat\u0131, kuzey-g\u00fcney demeden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hemen her b\u00f6lgesinde bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda boy g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini belirtiyor ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 20.Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131 kentsel devrimin y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, iki bin y\u0131l evvel, hatta daha \u00f6ncesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk insan yerle\u015fimleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u0131rsal alanlardan veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc kentlerden olu\u015furken, Pekin ve emperyal Roma gibi 1 milyonun \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfus bar\u0131nd\u0131ran kentler bir elin parmaklar\u0131 kadar; oysa 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011fimizde \u00e7o\u011fu 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019da olu\u015fmu\u015f 500 metropolitan b\u00f6lge bulunuyor. Yine Angotti\u2019ye g\u00f6re, b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 b\u00f6yle devam ederse, bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n hemen hepsi b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya da tarihi bir de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irerek k\u0131rsaldan kentsele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek. K\u0131saca:\u2018\u2018Her \u015fey kentsel olacak\u2019\u2019! B\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131da, k\u0131rsal alanlar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu olmayan end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na veya madencilik, ormanc\u0131l\u0131k vb. yap\u0131lan devasa bo\u015fluklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015feceklerini de\u00a0 ekliyor.<\/p>\n

Lefebvre\u2019in 1970 tarihli\u00a0Kentsel Devrim\u00a0<\/em>kitab\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 c\u00fcmlelerinde bahsetti\u011fi, \u2018\u2019Toplumun bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde kentle\u015fmesi\u2019\u2019 ve \u2018\u2019bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in virt\u00fcel yar\u0131n ise ger\u00e7ek olacak\u2019\u2019 diye belirtti\u011fi durumun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Mega\u2013kentler ve obezle\u015fmi\u015f kentsel b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, k\u0131rsal yok olurken, d\u00fcnya h\u0131zla kentsel bir topluma do\u011fru yol al\u0131yor: \u201cSibirya\u2019n\u0131n tundralar\u0131ndan, Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131na, Antartika\u2019n\u0131n buzullar\u0131ndan hatta belki okyanuslara ve nefes ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z havaya dek, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyi, hi\u00e7bir d\u00f6nemde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, \u015f\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle kentle\u015fmi\u015f durumda\u2019\u2019 (Soja. Kanai; 2007). Bu, elbette, her yerin bina k\u00fcmeleriyle, g\u00f6kdelenler ve altyap\u0131 projeleriyle dolmas\u0131 demek de\u011fil; burada bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 olarak kentle\u015fmenin -piyasa g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden, arz ve talebe, idari d\u00fczenlemelerden, pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr pratiklerine, jeopolitik uygulamalara kadar- her yerde haz\u0131r ve naz\u0131r olmas\u0131ndan ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki hi\u00e7 kimsenin, daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi kadar, kentsel sanayi kapitalizminin etkileme alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalamamas\u0131ndan bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, gezegenin art\u0131k farkl\u0131 kentsel adac\u0131klardan olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, devasa e\u015fitsizliklere ve d\u00fczensizliklere sahip bir kentsel yap\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik toplumsal mek\u00e2nlara s\u0131zarak d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzak b\u00f6lgelerini dahi y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi i\u00e7ine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgeleri, halklar\u0131 ve etkinlikleri\/ eylemleri bir \u2018\u2019kosmos\u2019\u2019 i\u00e7inde toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumu anl\u0131yoruz (Madden; 2012). Angotti\u2019nin \u2018\u2019Metropolis\u2019\u2019 tan\u0131m\u0131 ya da Mumford\u2019un devasa k\u00fcresel kovan metaforu ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere. \u0130nsano\u011flu yepyeni bir insan yerle\u015fimine h\u0131zla ilerliyor; ancak yerle\u015fimin koordinatlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eri\u011fi de k\u00fcresel kapitalizm taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fcme<\/em>, t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumda; ancak sanayinin kentlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 post-Fordist d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fcme sanayi \u00fczerinden de\u011fil kentsel rant \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Yeni kentsel d\u00fczen, sermayenin birikim krizine \u00e7are bulmak \u00fczere kenti\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fcme Makinesi\u2019<\/em>ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bir arazi fabrikas\u0131 misali \u00fcretim band\u0131 \u00fczerinden durmaks\u0131z\u0131n kentsel projeler ve altyap\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi bir d\u00fczen. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,\u00a0<\/em>de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011ferlerini artt\u0131rarak b\u00fcy\u00fcme derdindeki kentlerin de birer m\u00fcte\u015febbis gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiklerini ve arazi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p kentsel rant yekunlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya kendilerini hasrettiklerini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.\u00a0Yarat\u0131c\u0131 Y\u0131k\u0131m\u00a0<\/em>k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015fesinde bile ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f yok. Sermayenin h\u00fckmetti\u011fi ve \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi d\u00fcnyada iktisadi ve siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn merkezi \u015fu anda k\u00fcresel kentler ise ileride Metropolis. K\u00fcresel \u00e7aptaki h\u0131zl\u0131 kentle\u015fmeyle ko\u015fut giden bir ba\u015fka geli\u015fme ise, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ormanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n tahribat\u0131, denizlerin seviyelerindeki y\u00fckselme, canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin h\u0131zla yok edilmeleri, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin ortadan kalkmas\u0131, insano\u011flunun do\u011fal ya\u015fama yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131\u2026 gibi insan-kaynakl\u0131 (daha do\u011frusu sermaye kaynakl\u0131) \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131 ve afetler. Kentle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile milyarlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k ekosistemlerin yok edili\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ayn\u0131 zaman diliminde yer almalar\u0131 elbette tesad\u00fcf\u00ee de\u011fil; sermaye birikim sorununu kentler ve do\u011fa \u00fczerinden hallediyor. Toprak ve su ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere m\u00fc\u015ftereklerin gasp\u0131, mega altyap\u0131 projeleri, be\u015f-y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 kentsel projeler ya da bilc\u00fcmle mega proje nedeniyle k\u0131rsal ve kentsel b\u00f6lgelerin n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilerek zorla tahliyelerine ve yerlerinden edili\u015flerine \u015fahit olmaktay\u0131z. K\u00f6klerinden s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f hareket halinde n\u00fcfuslar ve k\u00fcresel g\u00f6\u00e7ler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nday\u0131z; kentler hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 kadar m\u00fclteciler, g\u00f6\u00e7menler ve evsizlerle dolu ancak bir o kadar da konuk sevmezler! Yeni \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Yeni Kapitalizmin kentlere arma\u011fan\u0131! Ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, i\u015f cinayetleri, evsizlere yasakl\u0131 kent meydanlar\u0131, yoksullu\u011fun kriminalle\u015ftirilmesi vb. sosyo-ekonomik temelli bir kentsel apartheid\u2019in ola\u011fan hak ihlalleri. Yeni kentsel d\u00fczen \u015fiddetin her \u00e7e\u015fidini y\u00fcklenerek gelirken, emniyet g\u00fc\u00e7leri de vatanda\u015f\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil sermayenin d\u00fczenini korumak \u00fczere ve hatta t\u00fcketemeyenleri kentten kovmak i\u00e7in yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Kentsel ortamdan anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7o\u011fulculuk, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, e\u015fitlik ve vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 \u00e7oktan \u2018\u2019out\u2019\u2019; kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdaki kent de\u011fil, kapitalizmin kentsel mek\u00e2n \u00fczerinden hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden in\u015fas\u0131. David Harvey ile Tar\u0131k Ali\u2019nin s\u00f6yle\u015filerinde de vurgulad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczere teknokratlarla \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri el ele d\u00fcnyay\u0131 y\u00f6netmekte (\u00a0http:\/\/acikradyo.com.tr\/default.aspx?_mv=a&aid=33345<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u00d6yleyse, her \u015feyin kentsel oldu\u011fu d\u00fczende, D\u00fcnya, Blade Runner benzeri bilim kurgu filmlerindeki distopyalara m\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek? Marx, sermayenin egemenli\u011finin mek\u00e2n\u0131 olan kentin ayn\u0131 zamanda onu yok edecek s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da yaratan ve ayr\u0131ca ona \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme zemini sa\u011flayan bir \u2018\u2019kar\u015f\u0131-mek\u00e2n\u2019\u2019 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler (Torlak 2014). Harvey, sanayisizle\u015fen ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeden kentlerde sadece \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131na de\u011fil yeniden \u00fcretim ve ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131na da bakmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. Yerimiz dar, m\u00fccadeleyi, kar\u015f\u0131-mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n eski ve yeni adreslerinde m\u00fc\u015fterekle\u015ftirmek, distopyaya ilk barikat\u0131 da kurmak olacak, diyerek bitirelim.<\/p>\n

Tom Angotti. The New Century of the Metropolis; Routledge:2013.<\/p>\n

Henri Lefebvre. Kentsel Devrim; Sel: 2013.<\/p>\n

David J Madden. City becoming world: Nancy, Lefebvre, and the global\u2013urban imagination;\u00a0\u201cEnvironment and Planning D: Society and Space\u2019\u2019<\/em>; 2012, volume 30.<\/p>\n

Edgar Soja. Miguuel J. Kanai. \u2018\u2019The urbanization of the world\u2019\u2019;\u00a0 Endless City; Phaidon:2007.<\/p>\n

Soner Torlak. \u201cMek\u00e2n Meselesine Giri\u015f\u201d; Soner Torlak (ed); Mekan Meselesi Tekin: 2014.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0BM Habitat, metropolisi 750,000 ve \u00fczeri n\u00fcfus bar\u0131nd\u0131ran yerler olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u2018\u2019Kent yok mu olacak yoksa gezegenin t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6z alabildi\u011fine kentsel bir kovana…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[2281],"class_list":{"0":"post-14110","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-cihan-baysal"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14110"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14110\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}