![\"resm_1_gur\"](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/resm_1_gur.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nFosforlu Saatler ve Radyumun K\u0131sa \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k Bilim internet sitesinde yine ayn\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir yaz\u0131 var oradan \u00f6zetle al\u0131yorum ve o yaz\u0131y\u0131 da okuman\u0131z\u0131 tavsiye ediyorum:<\/p>\n Radyum, 1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marie Curie ve e\u015fi Pierre Curie taraf\u0131ndan bulunan radyum elementin ismi, Latincede \u0131\u015f\u0131n anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cradius\u201d kelimesinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015fti. Gecenin karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda soluk ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan bu yeni element Curieleri b\u00fcy\u00fclemi\u015fti. \u0130\u00e7inde radyum bulunan cam kavanozlar\u0131 yatak ba\u015f\u0131nda gece lambas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131yorlar, radyum dolu t\u00fcpleri \u00e7ekmecelerinde tutuyor, ceplerinde ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n Pierre Curie, par\u0131ldayan bu \u015fi\u015felerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda havay\u0131 da elektrikledi\u011fini fark etti. \u0130\u00e7inde bir elektrometre olan bir kutu imal etmi\u015fti ve bu kutuyu par\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcplere yakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, elektrometreden zay\u0131f bir elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fini fark etti. Bu fenomene \u201cradyoaktivite\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler.<\/p>\n \u00c7o\u011fu kimse, bu denli y\u00fcksek enerji i\u00e7eren bir maddenin mutlaka m\u00fcthi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7leri olaca\u011f\u0131nda hemfikirdi. Hatta Pierre Curie, koluna 10 saat boyunca bir par\u00e7a radyum ba\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra kolunda yan\u0131k oldu\u011funu fark edince bu maddenin mutlaka kansere iyi gelece\u011fine kanaat getirmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm Avrupa ve ard\u0131ndan Amerika\u2019y\u0131 bir radyum \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sard\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok firma, el birli\u011fi ile g\u00fczellik kremlerinden di\u015f macunlar\u0131na, \u00e7ukulatadan bo\u011faz pastillerine kadar radyum i\u00e7eren \u00fcr\u00fcnler satmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu firmalar\u0131n iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re radyum siyati\u011fe, lumbagoya, gut hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, romatizmaya, hipertansiyona, kansere, k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe\u2026. k\u0131saca akl\u0131n\u0131za ne gelirse, t\u00fcm hastal\u0131klara iyi geliyordu. Radyum i\u00e7eren su damacanalar\u0131 \u015fifa niyetine evlere girdi, kapl\u0131calarda radyum tuzu kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 (http:\/\/www.acikbilim.com\/2014\/12\/dosyalar\/radyum-kizlari.html)<\/p>\n Her derde deva Radyum(!) (acikbilim.com)<\/strong><\/p>\n ABD Radyum \u015eirketi 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda Alman bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n buldu\u011fu kendili\u011finden \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan fosforlu boyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreten ve saatlerde kullanan bir \u015firketti. E\u011fer radyum tuzu, \u00e7inko bile\u015fi\u011fiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa radyumun yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 partik\u00fcller \u00e7inko atomlar\u0131n\u0131 titre\u015ftiriyor ve bu titre\u015fim ortaya bir enerji \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. \u00c7\u0131kan bu enerji sonucu zay\u0131f titre\u015fimli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131karken, bu soluk ye\u015filimsi par\u0131tl\u0131 g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olmasa da gece karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. Bu \u00f6zellikle hava bombard\u0131manlar\u0131 veya cephede \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan ve saati \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131k yakmak zorunda kalmayan askerler i\u00e7in \u00fcretilen saatlerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. New Jersey’de kurulu bu fabrika ABD ordusuyla s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalay\u0131p \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Genellikle ergen veya gen\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7i k\u0131zlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve saat ba\u015f\u0131na 5 cent al\u0131rlard\u0131. Her saatte 12 rakam\u0131n parlayan, fosforlu boyayla boyanmas\u0131 i\u015fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan f\u0131r\u00e7alar\u0131n ucunun sivri ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i k\u0131zlar f\u0131r\u00e7ay\u0131 dilleriyle hafif\u00e7e \u0131slat\u0131rlar ve sivriltirlerdi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k g\u00fcnde 200 saat boyayan bir gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, 2400 kez neredeyse f\u0131r\u00e7ay\u0131, biraz da al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kla, diline g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve boyan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan radyumu al\u0131rd\u0131. Ergenlik d\u00f6nemindeki gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar ve gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler e\u011flenmek amac\u0131yla bu boyay\u0131 makyaj yapar gibi de s\u00fcrerler, gece y\u00fczlerindeki par\u0131lt\u0131ya bak\u0131p g\u00fclerlerdi.<\/p>\n 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 9 ki\u015fi esrarengiz bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. Orange, New Jersey’deki bu fabrikada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin Marie Curie’nin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in fon arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in ABD’yi gezdi\u011fi, elinde de radyum ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerdi. 1917-1926 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 4000 kadar kad\u0131n ABD Radyum \u015eirketi’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1927 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde 50’den fazla gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131, ABD’deki fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n aksine, bu fosforlu boyay\u0131 bulan Almanya’da bundan \u00e7ok az kad\u0131n etkilenmi\u015fti, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Alman i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bu fosforlu boyay\u0131 dillerine s\u00fcr\u00fcp sivriltmiyordu, kulland\u0131klar\u0131 f\u0131r\u00e7alarda buna gerek yoktu (Proctor, 2012)!<\/p>\n Harvard \u00dcniversitesi’nden bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 konuyla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve fabrika ko\u015fullar\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurdular. \u00d6te yandan bu bilim insanar\u0131 radyumu su\u00e7lu ilan etme konusunda son derece teredd\u00fct i\u00e7indeydi ve bunu yapmad\u0131lar. New Jersey T\u00fcketici Birli\u011fi’nden bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ise, bu yeni, ilgin\u00e7 ve korkun\u00e7 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bulgular\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Martland, 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm bulgular\u0131 Journal of the American Medical Association dergisinde yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Martland ve di\u011f., 1925).<\/p>\n Radyum K\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuk M\u00fccadelesi ve \u015eirket Ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Bulgular\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ciddi bir hukuk m\u00fccadelesi ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ciddi \u015fekilde hasta olan ve bas\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan \u201cRadyum K\u0131zlar\u0131\u201d ismi tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan be\u015f gen\u00e7 k\u0131z (Grace Fryer, Quinta McDonald, Albina Larice , Edna Husman ve Katherine Schaub) Waterbury fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 dava ettiler. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra davaya hastalanm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka eski \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da kat\u0131ld\u0131. Davac\u0131lar, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 250.000 dolar tazminat talep ediyorlard\u0131. Ancak fabrikan\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki politik ve maddi destek \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc idi ve dava uzad\u0131k\u00e7a uzuyordu. Dava s\u00fcrerken Quinta\u2019n\u0131n iki kal\u00e7a kemi\u011fi de k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, Albina tamamen yatalak hale geldi. Edna art\u0131k neredeyse y\u00fcr\u00fcyemez hale gelmi\u015fti ve fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rakal\u0131 y\u0131llar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen geceleri hala sa\u00e7lar\u0131 par\u0131ld\u0131yordu. \u00c7ene kemi\u011fi kopmu\u015f olan Katherine, avukat\u0131na \u201cE\u011fer 250.000 dolar\u0131 kazan\u0131rsam cenazeme bir s\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00fcl alabilirim de\u011fil mi?\u201d diye soruyordu.<\/p>\n Radyum k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmekte olan mahkemeye gelme \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu tarih Ocak 1928’di. Hi\u00e7biri yemin etmek i\u00e7in kollar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ram\u0131yordu ve ikisi de yatalakt\u0131. Grace y\u00fcr\u00fcyemiyor, arkas\u0131nda bir destek olmadan oturam\u0131yordu. Yeminlerinin ard\u0131ndan dava bir 5 ay daha ertelendi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD Radyum \u015eirketi “ciddi” kan\u0131tlar sunuyor, hukuk sisteminin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fccadele ediyor ve s\u00fcrekli davay\u0131 uzat\u0131yordu. Bir sonraki duru\u015fmada bir doktorun k\u0131zlar\u0131n bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde radyum zehirlenmesinden \u00f6lebilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesine kar\u015f\u0131n, \u015firket yarg\u0131c\u0131 bir kez daha ertelemeye ikna etti, gerek\u00e7eleri ise bilirki\u015filerinin halen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu ve bunun aylar s\u00fcrebilece\u011fiydi! Sonunda 5 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin v\u00fccutlar\u0131 \u00f6yle bir deforme olmu\u015ftu ki, davan\u0131n kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6lmeden bitmeyece\u011fine kanaat getirildi ve mahkeme d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yolla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme (arabuluculuk) karar verildi. Kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler istediklerini alamayacaklard\u0131, ama en az\u0131ndan mahkeme \u00e7ilesi bitecekti. B\u00f6lge yarg\u0131c\u0131 William Clark arabulucu olarak atand\u0131 ve ac\u0131 dolu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u015firkette \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlardan 13 tanesi radyum zehirlemesine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 1928 sonbahar\u0131nda, ABD Radyum \u015firketinin her bir daval\u0131ya 10.000 dolar tazminat \u00f6demesine, \u00f6lene kadar da 600 dolar ayl\u0131k ba\u011flamas\u0131na ve t\u00fcm t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m \u00fccretlerini de \u00fcstlenmesine karar verildi. \u0130laveten, radyum boyas\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin ciddi d\u00fczenlemeler getirildi. Undark boyas\u0131 ise 1960 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar saatlerde kullan\u0131lmaya devam edecekti.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fyerlerinde ko\u015fullar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ve i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi mevzuat\u0131 i\u00e7in Radyum K\u0131zlar\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6lmesi gerekmi\u015fti. Bu olay tek de\u011fildir, say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r, kur\u015funlu benzin konulu yaz\u0131mda da bunlardan s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftim (http:\/\/ilerihaber.org\/yazarlar\/emre-gurcanli\/benzinim-super-olsun\/565\/). \u015eunu defalarca s\u00f6ylemek gerek; i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bilimi i\u00e7in neredeyse kobay olagelmi\u015ftir ve olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu alan kitlesel olarak insan deneylerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir aland\u0131r ve buna kar\u015f\u0131n sermaye sahipleri nedense herhangi bir maddenin veya prosesin zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda \u00e7ok ama \u00e7ok zor ikna olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Peki bu dava kapand\u0131ktan ve \u015firkete de pek fazla zarar vermedikten sonra, \u015firketin tutumu ne olacakt\u0131? A\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, kamuoyunun kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fini ve adil bir yarg\u0131lamayla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Daha da ileri giden ABD Radyum \u015eirketi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Clarence Lee ma\u011fduriyet edebiyat\u0131 yap\u0131p \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yleyecekti:<\/p>\n Maalesef fiziksel olarak sanayinin di\u011fer dallar\u0131nda istihdam edilemeyecek kadar uygunsuz olan \u00e7ok ama \u00e7ok say\u0131da insana i\u015f verdik. K\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcmler ve benzer \u015fekilde engelli ki\u015filer i\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131. Ne ki, bir nezaket fiili olarak nitelendirilebilecek davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z bize kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n (http:\/\/www.todayifoundout.com\/index.php\/2014\/06\/five-women-caled-radium-girls-improved-factory-working-conditions\/)<\/em><\/p>\n Sermayenin \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Politikalar\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesinden Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez<\/strong><\/p>\n ABD’de i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fine dair d\u00fczenlemeleri izledi\u011finizde, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin neredeyse birebir yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. \u00d6te yandan bu m\u00fccadeleler hukuk alan\u0131nda da kendisini g\u00f6stermi\u015f, mahkemeler i\u015f\u00e7iler lehine kararlar alana kadar ve mevzuat insanc\u0131l hale gelene kadar binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir. Bir \u00fclkede yasak olan maddenin (\u00f6rne\u011fin asbest) ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede serbest\u00e7e kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 bilimsel geli\u015fkinlik d\u00fczeyiyle de\u011fil, o \u00fclkedeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin d\u00fczeyiyle ancak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. \u0130\u00e7inde radyum i\u00e7eren, fosforlu, parlayan boyalar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm ve hastal\u0131k getirmesinin tarihi de bu \u015fekilde olmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n “Frans\u0131z C. Sauria, 1830\u2019da kibritin kimyasal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na \u201cbeyaz fosfor\u201d katarak kolay yanan ve kokmayan kibriti yapt\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr kibritler sert bir y\u00fczeye s\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcnce yanar. Kibritler kazara alev alarak yang\u0131nlara neden oluyordu. Kolay yanmay\u0131 beyaz fosfor sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Beyaz fosfor \u201cfosfor \u00e7enesi\u201d denilen tehlikeli bir kemik hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olur. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, beyaz fosforlu kibrit \u00fcretiminde kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00fcnde 14 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccreti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Yemeklerini bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken yerler, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatada maa\u015flar\u0131ndan ceza kesilirdi. Bu i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7ocuklarda kemik hastal\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Beyaz fosforun zehirli oldu\u011fu duyuldu. B.M. kibrit fabrikas\u0131nda 1888\u2019de bir k\u0131z i\u015ften at\u0131l\u0131nca gerilim artt\u0131. A. Besant adl\u0131 aktivist kad\u0131n yazar, kibrit fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan \u201cLondra\u2019da Beyaz K\u00f6lelik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Talepleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen i\u015f\u00e7iler grev yapt\u0131 ve 1400 kad\u0131n i\u015f b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bernard Shaw ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in yard\u0131m kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Y\u00f6netim, cezalar\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin fosfor bula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f bir salonda yemek yemelerini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu olay, literat\u00fcre \u201cKibrit\u00e7i K\u0131zlar Grevi\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti (Akbulut, U, 2009).<\/p>\n Kibrit yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan beyaz fosfor 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda Finlandiya’da, 1874’te Danimarka’da, 1901’de ise Hollanda’da yasaklan\u0131rken, Bern Konvansiyonu fosforun Fransa, \u0130talya, L\u00fcksemburg, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Almanya’da kullan\u0131m\u0131na son verdi. 1895’te Bel\u00e7ika’da, 1898’de \u0130ngiltere’de, 1903’te Hollanda’da ve \u00e7ok daha sonras\u0131nda 1921 Prusya ve 1942’de Fransa’da fabrika tefti\u015fleri ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k kontorlare ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu \u00fclkelerde i\u015fyerlerindeki g\u00fcvenlik ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 ciddi bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczeldi (Heyman, 2003).<\/p>\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya’dan sonra, belki de ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyde end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyinde bulunan ABD’de, do\u011fal olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler olu\u015fturuyordu. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00fclkede, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fcmekle birlikte s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri Avrupa’n\u0131n gerisinden geliyordu. Avrupa’da daha \u00f6ncesinde g\u00f6zlemlenen ve belli d\u00fczeylerde \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nan kur\u015fun, fosfor gibi madde kaynakl\u0131 zehirlenmeler ve madenler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneler, at\u00f6lyelerde kullan\u0131lan ve\/veya ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zehirli maddeler i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na. bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ciddi hasarlar vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1930’lara gelindi\u011finde uzun d\u00f6nemli bu hasarlar\u0131n kitlesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve ABD i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 en \u00f6nemli ba\u015fl\u0131klardan birisi haline geldi. Halbuki bu maddelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ya yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ya da k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinin gecikmi\u015fli\u011fi ve ABD topraklar\u0131nda sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve co\u011frafi olarak da yay\u0131lan ABD kapitalizmi, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enkaz b\u0131rakacakt\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde. Konumuz olan fosforlu boyalar ve radyum da \u00e7ene nekrozu da ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcme ve hastal\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sermayedarlar\u0131n taktikleri\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n Gerek \u201ci\u015f kazalar\u0131\u201dnda gerekse de meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n fark edilmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan i\u015fle uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 konusunda nedense sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ikna etmek pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyor. Barnetson (2010) da \u015funu vurguluyor: \u201cyaralanmalarda oldu\u011fu gibi hangi i\u015f ve maddenin tehlikeli olarak say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda i\u015fverenler, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve devlet s\u0131k s\u0131k yar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7indedir\u201d. Evet, sanki birbirimizi ikna etmek zorunday\u0131z gibi bir m\u00fccadele ve ikna s\u00fcreci vard\u0131r ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te s\u00fcrekli i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6lmekte ve her defas\u0131nda da ya s\u00f6zkonusu i\u015f veya madde yasaklanmakta ya da maruziyet limitleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekilmektedir. E karde\u015fim ba\u015ftan yasaklasak ya \u015funu dedi\u011finizi duyar gibiyim; evet ba\u015ftan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc yasaklayal\u0131m olsun bitsin demek gibi bir \u015fey asl\u0131nda\u2026 Ekonomi-politik boyutunu g\u00f6rmeden, b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bakmadan bir ad\u0131m dahi ilerlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir\u2026<\/p>\n Angela Nugent da makalesinde fosforlu saat i\u015finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelelerinin ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n izini s\u00fcrmektedir ve her defas\u0131nda, kur\u015fun zehirlenmelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, asbest konusunda oldu\u011fu gibi, GDO\u2019lu besin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 kendisini burada da g\u00f6sterir. Sunulan her \u015fey tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r, sermayedar her defas\u0131nda yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eder, y\u00f6ntemleri ele\u015ftirir, itiraz eder, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde lanse eder, riskin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok daha “itaatk\u00e2r” ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bulur onlara para ak\u0131t\u0131r ve sonunda gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin karanl\u0131kta parlayan saatlerin \u00fcretiminde kabul edilebilir bir maliyet oldu\u011funu iddia eder! Ve nihayetinde bu tehlikeli ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmeye zorlan\u0131r. Ama i\u015fyerindeki tehlikeleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak yerine, i\u015f\u00e7ilerini daha fazla korumak i\u00e7in saatlerin yap\u0131m yolunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi tercih eder. (Nugent’ten aktaran, Barnetson, 2010; 52). \u00d6rnek olsun, Doll ve Peta’n\u0131n 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan makalesi hepimizce bilinmelidir. Bu makalede, mesleki kanserlerin t\u00fcm kanserler i\u00e7inde y\u00fczde 5\u2019ten daha az yer tuttu\u011fu ve ABD\u2019deki kanserlerin ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtilmekteydi ve bu de\u011ferlendirmeyi, uluslararas\u0131 bilim \u00e7evreleri ve kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131nda g\u00f6revli politik yetkililer, uzun bir s\u00fcre referans olarak ald\u0131lar. Doll ve Peta\u2019n\u0131n ortak makalesi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 el kitaplar\u0131na referans olarak g\u00f6sterildi, g\u00f6sterilmeye devam ediyor. \u201cSermaye bilimi\u201dne g\u00f6re kanser engellenemiyorsa bunun sorumlusu; al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131yla, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla ve bilgisizli\u011fiyle ki\u015finin kendisidir! D\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131r yine sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fin ki\u015fisel bir sorun oldu\u011fu noktas\u0131na geliriz.<\/p>\n Radyum k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kitlesel olarak kobay oldu\u011fu say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6yk\u00fc vard\u0131r, bu bizim tarihimizdir ama gelece\u011fimiz bu olmayacakt\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n Akbulut U., 2009. Kibritin Tesad\u00fcfen Ke\u015ffi Ve Kibrit\u00e7i K\u0131zlar, http:\/\/www.uralakbulut.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/K%C4%B0BR%C4%B0T%C4%B0N-TESAD%C3%9CFEN-KE%C5%9EF%C4%B0-VE-K%C4%B0BR%C4%B0T%C3%87%C4%B0-KIZLA1.docMART2011.pdf<\/em><\/p>\n Doll R. ve Peta R. (1981). The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the US. Today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 66; 1191-308<\/em><\/p>\n Heymann, J. (Ed.). (2003). Introduction: The Global Spread of Risk, Global inequalities at work: Work’s impact on the health of individuals, families, and societies (p. 75). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.<\/em><\/p>\n Martland, H. S., Conlon, P., & Knef, J. P. (1925). Some unrecognized dangers in the use and handling of radioactive substances: with especial reference to the storage of insoluble products of radium and mesothorium in the reticulo-endothelial system. Journal of the American Medical Association, 85(23), 1769-1776.<\/em><\/p>\n Nugent, A (1989). \u201cThe Power to Define a New Disease: Epidemiological Politics and Radium Poisoning,\u201d in Dying for a Living: Workers\u2019 Safety and Health in Twentieth-Century America, eds. D. Rosner and G. Markowitz (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 177\u2013191.<\/em><\/p>\n Proctor, R. N. 2012. Occupational Disease and Labor Health and Safety Under the Nazis, At Work in the World Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the History of Occupational and Environmental Health<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.humanresourcesmba.net\/10-deadliest-occupational-diseases-in-history\/<\/em><\/p>\n http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phossy_jaw<\/p>\n http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radium_Girls<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/content\/radium-girls-remembered-for-role-in-shaping-us-labor-law-129169888\/144746.html<\/p>\n Glowing in the Dark, The “Radium Girls”<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n