Yeni D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni \u015feklinde tariflenen ve aslen neoliberal siyasetin d\u00fcmen suyuna g\u00f6re \u015fekillenen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015fini, sistemlerini, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerini \u2013 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sanayisini – a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek i\u00e7in, – sanayinin makro tarifi olarak – end\u00fcstri (industry) ve \u2013 g\u00fcn\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli yeniden tariflenen i\u015fletme (management) yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fekillenen – i\u015f (business) kavramlar\u0131na ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 bakmal\u0131y\u0131z. Thomas Veblen, \u2018Aylak S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Teorisi (The Theory of The Leisure Class) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda i\u015fe gelmeyen m\u00fclk sahipleri ile sanayi \u00f6nderlerinin tek bir s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fturdu\u011funu, i\u015fin (business) d\u00fcmenini elinde tuttu\u011funu, ancak sanayide \u2018olanla\u2019 pek ilgilenmedi\u011fini not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Buna g\u00f6re, i\u015fin tek bir amac\u0131 varken (\u201cpara, para ve daha fazla para\u201d Veblen), sanayinin bu do\u011fa ile uzaktan yak\u0131ndan ilgisi olmayan, tamamen kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n seyrinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir sistemati\u011fi oldu\u011funu sonu\u00e7luyor. \u0130\u015f, niteli\u011fine ve hatta ne oldu\u011funa bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca bir yat\u0131r\u0131m unsurundan ibaret iken, sanayi ise yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f bir faaliyet olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za geliyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, end\u00fcstri kavram\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fi ve onun yasalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten m\u00fclk sahiplerini bir tarafa koyarsak, geriye kalan herkes ve her \u015fey olarak tan\u0131mlayabiliriz. Bir ad\u0131m daha ileriye giderek, i\u015fin yasalar\u0131n\u0131 koyma, y\u00f6netme veya ona herhangi bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale etme yetisi kapitalizm taraf\u0131ndan engellenmi\u015f olan emek\u00e7ilerin, end\u00fcstrinin eyleyicisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz (Veblen bu noktada m\u00fclk sahiplerinin sanayiden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken onlar\u0131 \u2018verimli olmaktan vicdanen vazge\u00e7en ki\u015filer\u2019 \u015feklinde alaya al\u0131yor). Onun tezgah\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreten, onun tezgah\u0131nda \u00fcreten, onun tezgah\u0131nda \u00fcretilen \u015feyleri t\u00fcketen ve herhangi bir nedene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015f y\u00f6n (policy) de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde yahut krize girdi\u011finde bunun faturas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyen, gerekirse tezgah\u0131n kendisini m\u00fclk sahiplerinin talepleri do\u011frultusunda ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yeniden var eden (reconstruction) emek\u00e7iler\u2026 Peki, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu hikayede m\u00fchendislerin konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131r? \u0130\u015flevi tarih boyunca ne olmu\u015ftur, nereden nereye gelmi\u015ftir ve gelecekte nas\u0131l bir yol izleyecektir?<\/p>\n
Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir parantez a\u00e7mak yerinde olacakt\u0131r: eme\u011fin tarihteki i\u015flevi. Tersten \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyerek tarihte eme\u011fin i\u015flevini anlamak i\u00e7in, kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u2013 yani m\u00fclk sahibinin – i\u015flevini analiz edelim. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradeye sahip olabilmi\u015f bir ki\u015finin bir \u015feyi \u00fc\u00e7 paraya imal edip, be\u015f paraya satmas\u0131 ve bu eyleminin sonucunda iki para kar elde etmesi olay\u0131, tarih boyunca m\u00fclk sahibinin ve t\u00fcccar\u0131n yegane eylemi olmu\u015ftur. Kapitalizmin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyse, t\u00fcccarla m\u00fclk sahibini e\u015fit konuma getirmekten ibarettir (t\u00fcccar \u00e7ok\u00e7a y\u00fckselmi\u015f, kral birazc\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr). Nihayetinde m\u00fclk sahibinin tarih boyunca eyledi\u011fi tek \u015fey al\u0131p satmakken, geriye kalan her \u015fey (\u00fcretmek, tasarlamak, ara\u015ft\u0131rmak, geli\u015ftirmek, t\u00fcketmek, sava\u015fmak\u2026) eme\u011fin omuzlar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Hal b\u00f6yleyken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda i\u015ften ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fan end\u00fcstrinin tarihte ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn evreler, teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler, – ya\u015fanan bilimsel ilerlemeler ve nicesiyle birlikte \u2013 emek\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan eylenmi\u015ftir ve eylenmeye devam etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, end\u00fcstri i\u015fverenin de\u011fil, eme\u011fin alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu arka plan\u0131n tespiti, neoliberal \u00e7a\u011fda end\u00fcstri kavram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 daha da belirgin bir hale getiriyor. Bunu yaparken, yine ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle, neoliberal \u00e7a\u011f \u00f6ncesinde end\u00fcstrinin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131 ne\u015fretmek yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, buharl\u0131 gemilerin Atlantik\u2019i ge\u00e7mesiyle emperyalizm, \u2018makine\u2019nin \u2018insan\u2019\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7mesiyle end\u00fcstri do\u011fdu[1]. Little end\u00fcstri, \u0130ngiliz Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin k\u0131taya ve kuzey yar\u0131m k\u00fcreye yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile birlikte, bir uygarl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. End\u00fcstrile\u015fen \u00fclkeler geli\u015fmi\u015f yani uygar oluverdiler; end\u00fcstrile\u015femeyen \u00fclkeler ise uygar insanlar\u0131n \u2013 o d\u00f6nem bu bir\u00e7o\u011funa g\u00f6re \u00e7ok do\u011fald\u0131 – s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi oldu (En h\u0131zl\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yapmak (Fransa), en ekolojist toplumu kurman\u0131n (Hindistan) \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti). Nihayetinde, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 zorlayan Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, end\u00fcstriyi yani uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yayma (g\u00fcncel formu i\u00e7in bkz. ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019a demokrasi g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi) fikriyle, birbirleriyle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdiler. \u0130lkinde on milyon, ikincisinde altm\u0131\u015f milyon insan \u00f6len iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 ise, bu yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n herhangi bir \u00f6znesinin uygarla\u015fma ile ilgili bir vizyon ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi. Bu tablo, \u2018art\u0131k b\u00f6yle gitmeyece\u011fine\u2019 ikna olmu\u015f bir d\u00fcnyada end\u00fcstrinin bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde piyade \u015farapnellerinin de\u011fil, \u015firket fonlar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015fmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131yacak bir sistem kurma gereksinimini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131[2]. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelere az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke denilerek “onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131”. End\u00fcstri elden ge\u00e7irildi. Par\u00e7al\u0131 \u00fcretim modeli geli\u015ftirildi. Ard\u0131ndan geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeleri a\u011f\u0131r sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7irerek buralarda kendi tekelinde montaj sanayisi kurdular[3]. Par\u00e7alar\u0131, teknolojiyi ve projeyi kendileri \u00fcretip, montaj\u0131 ve sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f pazarda yapt\u0131lar. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda para (cash, please!), hammadde ve ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ithal\/ikame ettiler. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, – asl\u0131nda sava\u015f\u0131n ekonomik maliyeti nedeniyle – masada toprak de\u011fil, pazar payla\u015ft\u0131lar. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fcreselli\u011finin sava\u015fla ve zorla sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktada, end\u00fcstri k\u00fcreselle\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\u00dcretimde standartlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ustal\u0131k yerini k\u0131deme b\u0131rakt\u0131. Nitelik l\u00fcks say\u0131l\u0131rken, nicelik esas k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. \u00dcretim\/t\u00fcketim dengesi \u00fcretim lehine bozuldu ve t\u00fcketici insan do\u011fdu. Gelecek nesiller, hen\u00fcz gelmedikleri i\u00e7in gezegende yok yaz\u0131ld\u0131lar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fa \u015fimdiki neslin mal\u0131 ilan edildi. T\u00fcketici insan\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomobil ve tuttu\u011fu tak\u0131m, demokrasi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, adalet gibi olgulara duydu\u011fu ihtiyac\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar olurken, end\u00fcstri de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlam\u0131\u015f oldu. T\u00fcketici insan (The Consumer) ve \u00fcretici insan (The Composer) ona ayn\u0131 anda kat\u0131ld\u0131lar; \u00fcretici insan (\u00f6rn. fabrikaya giderek) bunu do\u011frudan yaparken, t\u00fcketici insan toplumsal bir dolay\u0131m (\u00f6rn. s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma) vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Ev ekonomistli\u011fi, mikro \u00f6l\u00e7ekte (mahalle, bah\u00e7e, vb) organik tar\u0131m, internetten \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve buna benzer bir\u00e7ok \u2018yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u2019 i\u00e7erisinde kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc arayan, ancak ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu her yerde \u2013 m\u00fczikte, tiyatroda bile \u2013 t\u00fcketiciyi yani end\u00fcstriyi g\u00f6ren ve bunun sonucunda ilkesizli\u011fe itilerek zamanla ona (bir makineye) benzeyen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00e7eli\u015fkisini kavramak zorunday\u0131z. Bu halin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u2018birey\u2019ini \u2013 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fs\u0131n yahut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n, dolayl\u0131 veya do\u011frudan \u2013 end\u00fcstrinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 hatta kendisi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamal\u0131y\u0131z. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bilimi, tekni\u011fi ve m\u00fchendisli\u011fi anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken de b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ger\u00e7eklikten hi\u00e7 de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
Bir demiryolu m\u00fchendisi olan Arthur Melen Wellington\u2019a g\u00f6re m\u00fchendislik \u201cbeceriksiz birinin iki dolara k\u00f6t\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi bir dolara iyi yapma sanat\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Ku\u015fkusuz, bu tan\u0131m i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015fan bir tan\u0131md\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc meseleye yaln\u0131zca yapma yani \u00fcretme perspektifinden bakmaktad\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131ma kapitalizmin geriletici eklentisi olan kar d\u00fcsturu ilave edildi\u011finde, meseleyi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz m\u00fchendislerinin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131m aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na indirgeyerek tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar\u0131z: \u201cminimum cost, maximum benefit!\u201d yerini \u201cminimum cost, maximum profit!\u201d d\u00fcsturuna b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, neoliberalizm patronu end\u00fcstriye, i\u015f\u00e7iyi de i\u015fe yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da m\u00fchendisleri i\u015f ile end\u00fcstri aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc vazifesi g\u00f6rmeye iter. Saha ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, fizibilite yap\u0131l\u0131rken, proje haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken, i\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131rken, teslim edilirken ve ara a\u015famalar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde m\u00fchendislere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem i\u015fi, hem de end\u00fcstriyi bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in “maximum profit” emeline ula\u015fan yol m\u00fchendisin eme\u011finden ge\u00e7er. \u00dcniversite e\u011fitimi buna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir, m\u00fchendislik fak\u00fclteleri piyasa normlar\u0131na g\u00f6re politika belirler, \u00f6\u011frenciler de piyasan\u0131n \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6ncesi rekabet kobay\u0131\u201d olarak okul bitene kadar bilim ve teknikle birlikte birbiriyle rekabet etmeyi de \u00f6\u011frenir; iyi bir CEO olmaya \u00f6zendirilir. Planl\u0131 bir i\u015fsizlik yaratma politikas\u0131 uygulanarak \u00f6nce birbiri ard\u0131na yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, ihtiya\u00e7tan \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan mezunlar bir nitelik s\u0131ralamas\u0131na tabi tutulur. M\u00fchendis \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Devlet elindeki i\u015fletmeleri \u00f6zelle\u015ftirir, buralara m\u00fchendis istihdam\u0131n\u0131 minimize eder. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, en basit tabirle, m\u00fchendislik mesle\u011fi de di\u011fer meslek dallar\u0131 gibi i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kar istencine kurban edilir.<\/p>\n
Bu iki \u015fekilde olur. Birincisi, – yarat\u0131lan i\u015fsizlik olgusu nedeniyle – i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi olmayan m\u00fchendis \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmede \u00f6nceli\u011fi teknik problemlerin gere\u011fince \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne de\u011fil, ucuza \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne vermeye ba\u015flar. Bu da i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunu \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal sorun boyutunda yak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcndeme getirir. Birbiri ard\u0131na i\u015f kazalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00fcmleri ve facialar ya\u015fan\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, i\u015f bulamayan m\u00fchendis mesle\u011finden vazge\u00e7erek farkl\u0131 alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 tercih eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, mesle\u011fin toplum nezdinde sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve itibar\u0131 azal\u0131r. Bu iki olgudan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, m\u00fchendislerin end\u00fcstrinin temel bir unsuru oldu\u011funu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yukar\u0131da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fartlarda var olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, gerek tarihsel gerekse g\u00fcncel olarak durduklar\u0131 yerin emek\u00e7ilerin yan\u0131 oldu\u011funu kavrayabiliriz. End\u00fcstriyi \u2013 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sanayi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 – ilgilendiren her \u015feyin m\u00fchendisleri de do\u011frudan ilgilendirece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, bize g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hakk\u0131nda temel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verir. \u0130nsan\u0131n g\u00fcncel eylemini bilim, teknik ve m\u00fchendislik \u00f6zelinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bug\u00fcn\u00fc haz\u0131rlayan ko\u015fullar\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme olarak koymak zorunday\u0131z. \u0130nsan\u0131n end\u00fcstri i\u00e7indeki konumu, tarih boyunca \u00f6zneden nesneye do\u011fru daral\u0131rken, end\u00fcstri de kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131dan k\u00f6lele\u015ftiriciye do\u011fru evrilmi\u015f, nihayetinde b\u00fct\u00fcn bilimsel ve teknik geli\u015fmeler end\u00fcstrinin d\u00fcmenini elinde bulunduran i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znelerinin \u2013 \u015fu malum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u2013 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirilegelmi\u015ftir. Tam da bu noktada, m\u00fchendislerin end\u00fcstri ve i\u015f d\u00fczlemindeki \u00e7eli\u015fkisi a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kar d\u00fcsturu yerine fayda d\u00fcsturunu ilke edinmek ve bilimsel eti\u011fe uygun davranmak, m\u00fchendis a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir vicdan meselesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Gerekeni yapt\u0131rmakla isteneni yapt\u0131rmak aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcans, m\u00fchendis a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015fsizlikle risk, sorumlulu\u011fu alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise \u00f6l\u00fcmle ya\u015fam d\u00fczlemine indirgenmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, Soma davas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn su\u00e7un kazada i\u015f\u00e7ilerle birlikte hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden maden m\u00fchendisi Mehmet Efe\u2019ye at\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fil, tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ekliktir. Bu ger\u00e7eklikle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma ve onu de\u011fi\u015ftirme iddias\u0131, tam da bu nedenle end\u00fcstrinin her bir \u00f6znesi kadar m\u00fchendislerin de sorumlulu\u011fu alt\u0131ndad\u0131r[4].<\/p>\n
Rag\u0131p Varol<\/strong> [1]<\/strong> Neoliberal \u00e7a\u011f, tam da bu ikisinin – do\u011fumdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te – b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesinin son a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n [2]<\/strong> Bunun en temel nedeni ise, birinci sava\u015f\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, Bol\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan SSCB\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 ve bu yeni sosyalist devletin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131 geri vererek \u2013 ve sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinde emperyalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn gizli anla\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak – sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekilmesiydi. \u0130kinci sava\u015fta ise ayn\u0131 \u00fclkenin Nazileri bozguna u\u011fratarak zafer kazanmas\u0131yd\u0131. En \u00f6nemlisi, SSCB\u2019nin de sanayile\u015fme politikas\u0131 g\u00fctmesi, ancak bunu \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rle de\u011fil kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla \u2013 devlet eliyle planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u2013 yapmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ku\u015fkusuz b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kapitalizmin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizleri ve dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fa\u015fizan yasalar\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, planl\u0131 sanayile\u015fmeye, sosyalizmin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, sistemi yeniden \u00fcretmek ve insanlar\u0131n onaylayaca\u011f\u0131 bir formasyona b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrmek emperyalist \u00fclkeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en temel problemdi.<\/p>\n [3]<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Adnan Menderes\u2019in Demokrat Parti h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen sanayile\u015fme modeli, bu politikayla \u00f6zde\u015ftir.<\/p>\n [4]<\/strong> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz m\u00fchendis \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin mevcut at\u0131l durumu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u00f6z konusu sorumlulu\u011fu alma y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015fmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ad\u0131na da \u00e7aba sarf etmek, en az m\u00fccadelenin kendisi kadar \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yeni D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni \u015feklinde tariflenen ve aslen neoliberal siyasetin d\u00fcmen suyuna g\u00f6re…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4717,4716,1991,4719],"tags":[958,2185,2548,2547],"class_list":{"0":"post-16178","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-calisma-yasami","8":"category-halkin-muhendisleri-yazilar","9":"category-yazilar","10":"category-ucretli-muhendisler-calisma-yasami","11":"tag-guvencesizlik","12":"tag-muhendisler","13":"tag-muhendislerin-iscilesmesi","14":"tag-ragip-varol"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16178\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n Maden M\u00fchendisi<\/strong><\/p>\n