{"id":19042,"date":"2015-12-03T14:50:04","date_gmt":"2015-12-03T12:50:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=19042"},"modified":"2019-01-29T14:33:07","modified_gmt":"2019-01-29T11:33:07","slug":"ucak-dustu-dogalgaz-ucar-mi-neriman-usta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/ucak-dustu-dogalgaz-ucar-mi-neriman-usta\/","title":{"rendered":"U\u00e7ak d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, do\u011falgaz ‘u\u00e7ar’ m\u0131? – Neriman Usta"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye’nin Rus u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesiyle iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik ili\u015fkiler g\u00fcndeme oturdu. En \u00e7ok konu\u015fulan konu ise T\u00fcrkiye’nin Rusya’dan ithal etti\u011fi do\u011falgaz.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Rusya’ya g\u0131da ihra\u00e7 ediyor, in\u015faat ve turizm hizmetleri sunuyor. Rusya’dan ise a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla enerji ithalat\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Rusya lehine olan ithalat-ihracat kapasitesinde enerji ithalat\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck pay do\u011falgaza ait.<\/p>\n

\"rusya<\/a>
T\u00fcrkiye 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 49 milyar m3 do\u011falgaz ithal etti. \u0130thal etti\u011fi do\u011falgaz\u0131n 27 milyar m3’\u00fc Rusya’dan. Do\u011falgaz\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %50’si elektrik \u00fcretiminde, %26’s\u0131 sanayide, %20’si \u0131s\u0131nmada kullan\u0131l\u0131yor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Neden do\u011falgaz?<\/strong>
\nT\u00fcrkiye’nin do\u011falgazla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Rusya’n\u0131n kapitalist blok i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye halk\u0131n\u0131 ucuz ve g\u00fcvencesiz emek olarak pazarlayarak, Avrupa’n\u0131n \u00fcretim \u00fcss\u00fc olma plan\u0131 yapan h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin artacak elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla kar\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Elektrik \u00fcretimi ayn\u0131 zamanda sermaye birikimi yaratmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Do\u011falgazla elektrik \u00fcretimi yapan santraller hidrolik ve k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc termik santrallere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede in\u015fa edilirler. En fazla bir y\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcrede hizmete girerler ancak do\u011falgazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan santrallerde elektrik \u00fcretim maliyeti \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir. \u00dcretim maliyetleri dert edilmeden 90’l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren elektrik ihtiyac\u0131 h\u0131zla \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re ait do\u011falgaz santrallar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Ne de olsa y\u00fcksek maliyetler faturalar yoluyla halka yans\u0131t\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n

Elektrik \u00fcretiminde do\u011falgaz<\/strong>
\nT\u00fcrkiye 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretti\u011fi 252 milyar kWh elektri\u011fin %48’ini do\u011falgazla \u00fcretti. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla hala kamuya ait olan barajl\u0131 hidroelektrik santrallar\u0131 ise %11,3’l\u00fck payla elektrik \u00fcretimi yapt\u0131.\u00a02015 y\u0131l\u0131 Ekim ay\u0131 sonu verilerine g\u00f6re bu oranlar de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Do\u011falgaz\u0131n elektik \u00fcretimindeki pay\u0131 %37,4’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumda. Barajlar\u0131n ise \u00fcretimdeki pay\u0131 %27’ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda hidroelektrik santrallar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131n ya da do\u011falgazla elektrik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni barajlar\u0131n doluluk oranlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmiyor. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda barajlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok dolu oldu\u011fu bahar aylar\u0131nda bile hidroelektrik santrallar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elektrik \u00fcretimi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in karl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece do\u011falgazla \u00fcretim yapan santrallerden kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2015’te dolar kurunun y\u00fckselmesi ve se\u00e7imlerle elektrik toptan al\u0131m fiyatlar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131, do\u011falgazla elektrik \u00fcretimindeki kar marj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, sermaye santrallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak istemedi ve oranlar de\u011fi\u015fti. Enerji alan\u0131nda do\u011falgazdan vazge\u00e7ilmedi.<\/p>\n

Sanayide do\u011falgaz<\/strong>
\nSanayi ithal edilen do\u011falgaz\u0131n %26’s\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. Do\u011falgaz buhar kullanan sekt\u00f6rlerce maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in tercih ediliyor. Bu t\u00fcr sekt\u00f6rlerde buhar ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi elektri\u011fini de kar\u015f\u0131layan kojenerasyon tesisleri kuruluyor. Sanayide kullan\u0131lan do\u011falgaz\u0131n fiyat\u0131 hane halk\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011falgaz fiyat\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k %20 daha ucuz.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131nmada do\u011falgaz<\/strong>
\nDo\u011falgaz ithalat\u0131yla paralel olarak \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n do\u011falgazla yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli zorunluluklar ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7eren yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Son on y\u0131ld\u0131r in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131larda baca bile bulunmuyor. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle 75 ilde do\u011falgazla \u0131s\u0131nma yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Do\u011falgaz abone say\u0131s\u0131 ise 10 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda. Toplam hane say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011falgaz kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Do\u011falgaz boru hatlar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 ‘ar\u0131za’lar<\/strong>
\nRus do\u011falgaz\u0131, Bat\u0131 Hatt\u0131 ve Mavi Ak\u0131m boru hatlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’ye geliyor. Projelendirilen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc hat olan T\u00fcrk Ak\u0131m hatt\u0131n\u0131n mevcut gerilimle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderek azal\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye’nin do\u011falgaz ithalat\u0131nda 2. s\u0131rada 9 milyar m3’le \u0130ran geliyor. \u0130ran’\u0131n Suriye sava\u015f\u0131nda Rusya ile ili\u015fkisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde T\u00fcrkiye’nin krizi daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda siyasi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda \u0130ran’dan gelen do\u011falgaz hatlar\u0131nda ‘ar\u0131zalar’ olmu\u015ftu. Rusya’n\u0131n Ukrayna’yla krizi s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k ‘hat ar\u0131zalar\u0131’ nedeniyle Ukrayna’ya gaz vermedi\u011fi zamanlar oldu. Rusya do\u011falgaz vanalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kapatmayacak ama Rusya’n\u0131n k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda ar\u0131za kaynakl\u0131 gaz ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 kesme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hep var olacak.<\/p>\n

Marmara b\u00f6lgesinin do\u011falgaz sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Hatt\u0131’nda bir ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ‘ar\u0131za’ olmas\u0131 bile ciddi sorunlar ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olur. Do\u011falgaz\u0131n %75’inin kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya ve \u0130ran hatlar\u0131nda ar\u0131zalar\u0131n ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn olmas\u0131 do\u011falgaz depolama tesisi yeterli olmayan T\u00fcrkiye’yi fel\u00e7 edebilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin ‘elinde’ 2018’de bitmesi hedeflenen Azerbaycan’la y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 6 milyar m3’l\u00fck TANAP projesi kald\u0131. Orta Asya do\u011falgaz\u0131n\u0131 alternatif hatlarla Avrupa’ya ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen projeleri de Rus u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla birlikte belirsizli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Siyasal krizini sava\u015fla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan AKP, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Rus u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla birlikte enerji alan\u0131nda da krizini derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Neriman Usta \/ Elektronik M\u00fchendisi<\/strong>
\n TMMOB YK \u00dcyesi<\/strong>
\n Politeknik YK \u00dcyesi<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye’nin Rus u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesiyle iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik ili\u015fkiler g\u00fcndeme oturdu. En…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4714,1991],"tags":[103,2821,2824,2822,2823],"class_list":{"0":"post-19042","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-enerji-yazilar","8":"category-yazilar","9":"tag-dogalgaz","10":"tag-dogalgaz-krizi","11":"tag-erdogan-dogalgaz","12":"tag-rusya","13":"tag-rusya-krizi"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19042\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}