{"id":20971,"date":"2016-05-19T18:14:57","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T15:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=20971"},"modified":"2019-01-28T20:40:26","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T17:40:26","slug":"kentte-tarim-kentsel-ciftlik-ve-uygulamalar-ismail-kilinc-sendika-org","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/kentte-tarim-kentsel-ciftlik-ve-uygulamalar-ismail-kilinc-sendika-org\/","title":{"rendered":"Kentte tar\u0131m, kentsel \u00e7iftlik ve uygulamalar \u2013 \u0130smail K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7 (Sendika.Org)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kentsel \u00e7iftlik gibi kimi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler kapitalist sistemi h\u0131rpalayabilir mi? Yoksa sorun bizi s\u00fcrekli t\u00fcketimle uyaran ve s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kapitalist sistemin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Yoksa kapitalist sistem kentsel \u00e7iftlik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irip yeni k\u00e2r kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7abilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"kentsel_tarim\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Bir y\u00f6nde 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda 9 milyara ula\u015facak ve y\u00fczde 80\u2019i kentlerde ya\u015fayacak d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu, di\u011fer y\u00f6nden iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme, topraklar\u0131n giderek verimsizle\u015fmesi, toprak kayb\u0131, tar\u0131mdaki girdilerin (ila\u00e7, g\u00fcbre) topra\u011f\u0131 fakirle\u015ftirmesi, sel bask\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin gelirlerin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, rant bask\u0131s\u0131yla k\u0131rsal topra\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131 gibi daha bir\u00e7ok nedenle bo\u011fu\u015fan tar\u0131m\u0131n gelece\u011fi \u00fczerindeki belirsizlikler \u201cKentte tar\u0131m yap\u0131labilir mi ve nas\u0131l yap\u0131labilir\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini son y\u0131llarda birtak\u0131m uygulamalarla g\u00fcndeme s\u0131k s\u0131k getiriyor. 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda 9 milyar n\u00fcfusun beslenebilmesi i\u00e7in tar\u0131mda verimlili\u011fin y\u00fczde 60-70 artmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi de s\u00f6yleniyor. Ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n y\u00fczde 80\u2019i \u015fu anda ekiliyor ve y\u00fczde 15\u2019i de art\u0131k verimsiz hale gelmi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli sorunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ki\u015filerin ya da kapitalist sistemin t\u00fcketim yoluyla kal\u0131p hale getirdi\u011fi ve k\u00f6r\u00fckledi\u011fi beslenme olgusu, g\u0131dalar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, ia\u015fesi sorunlar\u0131 ekolojik izin y\u00fczde 40\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcretilen g\u0131dalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 30\u2019u \u00e7\u00f6pe gitmektedir. Bir y\u00f6nde gelece\u011fin tar\u0131m\u0131 nas\u0131l olmal\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrerken bir di\u011fer y\u00f6nde de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerinde kentte tar\u0131m ya da kentsel \u00e7iftlik uygulamalar\u0131 ve projeleri dikkati \u00e7ekiyor. Kentte tar\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yeni bir olgu da de\u011fil. K\u0131rsal art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kenti besleyebilmesi sonucunda insan\u0131n kentte yerle\u015fmesinden sonra ve kentle\u015fmenin artmas\u0131yla kentsel n\u00fcfusun g\u0131da gereksinimi de ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve kimi uygulamalarda bu gereksinmeye kent i\u00e7inde ya da kentsel \u00e7eperde yan\u0131t aramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kentsel tar\u0131m ya da kentsel \u00e7iftlik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeden \u00f6nce konumuzla ilgili olabilecek \u00fc\u00e7 konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekte yarar vard\u0131r. Burada \u201cgelece\u011fin \u00e7iftli\u011fi\u201d ya da \u201cgelece\u011fin tar\u0131m\u0131\u201d konusuna girmiyoruz konumuzla az \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ilgisi olsa da. Bilgisayar ve uzaktan y\u00f6netilen insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla destekli ve uydu sistemleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olacak gelece\u011fin tar\u0131m\u0131nda e\u011fer insanlar\u0131n beslenmesi \u00f6n d\u00fczleme \u00e7\u0131kacak ve tar\u0131mda emek veren insanlar\u0131n emekleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alacaksa ge\u00e7mi\u015ften de ders alacak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli at\u0131l\u0131mlar olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlemek olanakl\u0131: Topra\u011f\u0131n kaybolan zenginli\u011fini yeniden kazanmak, ekolojik izi azaltmak, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 koruyacak \u00f6nlemleri almak, kaybolan biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi yeniden bulmak, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden ke\u015ffetmek ve \u00e7evreye uyarl\u0131 hale getirmek, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli g\u0131dalara (biyo) a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermek, geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tohumlar\u0131 ve \u00fcretimini yasaklamak, yerli tohum piyasas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek, piyasan\u0131n egemenli\u011fini k\u0131rarak tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fine y\u00f6neltmek.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci konu ise \u201cye\u015fil bina\u201d kavram\u0131. Ye\u015fil binadan kastedilen binalar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 ve y\u00fczeylerinin ye\u015fil bir \u00f6rt\u00fcyle kaplanarak yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yolla da kaplanan binalar sayesinde kent nefes alacak ve hava kirlili\u011fini azaltmada katk\u0131da bulunacakt\u0131r. Kentsel tar\u0131mda da \u00e7at\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve yal\u0131t\u0131ma da dolayl\u0131 katk\u0131 verir ancak ama\u00e7lar farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konumuz ise \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kent\u201d kavram\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kent kendine yeterli, geli\u015fmesini ekolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00fczenleyen, geri kazan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6n d\u00fczlemde olan, t\u00fcketim ve \u00fcretimi dengeli, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131\u011f\u0131 az olan, konut ve ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran, kamu hizmetlerini art\u0131ran ve \u00e7e\u015fitlendiren, demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan kenttir. Kentsel tar\u0131mda bu kente katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir ya da bu kentin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7 konu kentsel tar\u0131m ile do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 olarak i\u00e7i i\u00e7edir ama burada ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kentsel Tar\u0131m, \u00e7iftlik, bostan: Tan\u0131m, tarih\u00e7e ve \u00f6zellikler<\/strong>
\nKentsel tar\u0131m k\u0131saca kentte yap\u0131lan tar\u0131md\u0131r. Kentsel \u00e7iftlik ya da kentsel bah\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131k ad\u0131 da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bostanc\u0131l\u0131k da ba\u015fka bir tan\u0131mlamad\u0131r ve kentsel bah\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131k kavram\u0131na yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Kimi kez yak\u0131n kent \u00e7eperi de kentsel tar\u0131m alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine girer. Kimi kez yak\u0131n tar\u0131m, k\u0131sa devre tar\u0131m\u0131 ad\u0131 da verilir. Kentsel tar\u0131m kente d\u00f6n\u00fck, kentin kaynak, \u00e7\u00f6p ve istihdam\u0131n\u0131n kullanan tar\u0131md\u0131r. D\u00fcnya G\u0131da \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FAO) ise kentsel tar\u0131m\u0131 \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlarda (\u00e7at\u0131, balkon, bah\u00e7e, park, bo\u015f araziler) birka\u00e7 sebze, meyve, bitki \u00fcretimi yapmak ve evcil hayvan yeti\u015ftirmek, \u00f6z t\u00fcketime ve yak\u0131n sat\u0131\u015fa y\u00f6nelik (k\u0131sa devre), mesleki ve ticari olmayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bit etkinlik\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bir ba\u015fka tan\u0131m ise \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cKent i\u00e7inde ve kent \u00e7eperinde yap\u0131lan tar\u0131msal etkinlik ve metropollerin merkezi alanlar\u0131nda g\u0131da ve di\u011fer ilgili \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve pazarlamas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Bir ba\u015fka tan\u0131m ise aile bah\u00e7esiyle ilgilidir: \u201cParsellere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, \u00f6zel ki\u015filere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kendisi ve ailesinin gereksinmelerine y\u00f6nelik, bah\u00e7ecilik yapan, ticari amac\u0131 olmayan ve bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere uyan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bah\u00e7e\u201ddir. Kentsel tar\u0131m kent i\u00e7inde ya da yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Genellikle yatayd\u0131r ama dikey \u00e7iftliklerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (g\u00f6kdelen \u00e7iftlik, katl\u0131 \u00e7iftlik). D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknikli yani s\u0131radan bir bostan olabilece\u011fi gibi y\u00fcksek teknikli (LED lambal\u0131, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc kullanan, de\u011fi\u015fik sulama teknikleri olan, dikey \u00e7iftlikler) olabilir. Kentlilerin tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve bu u\u011fra\u015f da yeni de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada 67 milyon hektar toprak kent i\u00e7inde tar\u0131m amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve 24 milyon hektar\u0131 sulanmaktad\u0131r. Kentsel \u00e7iftlik topra\u011f\u0131 ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n y\u00fczde 5,9\u2019u olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kent \u00e7evresindeki alanlar\u0131 da hesap edersek (20 km. i\u00e7indeki alan) 456 milyon hektar gibi bir say\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131r\u0131z ki bu say\u0131n\u0131nda do\u011frulanmas\u0131 gerekir. D\u00fcnyada 800 milyon ki\u015finin bostan, \u00e7iftlik ve bah\u00e7elerde yap\u0131lan tar\u0131mla beslendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa tarih\u00e7e:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k-avc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6neminden yerle\u015fik d\u00fczene ge\u00e7inceye kadar beslenmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f vermi\u015f ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde, yak\u0131n\u0131nda sebze, \u00e7i\u00e7ek, evcil hayvan yeti\u015ftirme ya da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na oyun alan\u0131 yapmaya kadar de\u011fi\u015fik u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen bir yasa ile bu bah\u00e7eler payla\u015f\u0131lan, ortak, toplu bah\u00e7e ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde ise g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak yerine yok edilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Yedikule bostanlar\u0131 kentsel tar\u0131m ya da \u00e7iftlik i\u00e7in en iyi \u00f6rnektir. K\u00f6kenleri 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar inen bostanlar vak\u0131f arazisi olarak \u0130stanbul\u2019a sebze ve meyve sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flar ve sa\u011flamaya devam etmektedirler. 1735 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1381 bostanc\u0131 344 bostanl\u0131k alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Hatta yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bile buralarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. \u0130stanbul Akdeniz havzas\u0131nda kent merkezinde tar\u0131m yap\u0131lan tek kenttir ve 300 ki\u015fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 35 ton\/y\u0131l sebze-meyve \u00fcretip \u0130stanbul halk\u0131na sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1641-1649 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de topraklar\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 (enclosure act) ayaklan\u0131p \u00f6nceden ortak olan topraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek, ekmek ve tar\u0131msal ya\u015fam\u0131 devam ettirmek ad\u0131na \u201ckaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u201d isyan\u0131 kentsel \u00e7iftli\u011fin savunulmas\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nabilir mi?<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de 1873 ve 1893\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen finansal bunal\u0131mlar sonras\u0131 kentlerde tar\u0131msal u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kentli karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak zorundad\u0131r. Finans\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n doymak bilmeyen i\u015ftah\u0131 bunal\u0131mla son bulunca yoksul kentli karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak i\u00e7in kar\u0131\u015f kar\u0131\u015f topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler.<\/p>\n

1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Ebenezer Howard bah\u00e7e-kent kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Sanayi kentine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kentte tar\u0131msal bir alan ve \u00e7eper yaratma, az beton kullanma, kentsel mekana egemen olma, rant\u0131 engelleme ve kamusal alt yap\u0131y\u0131 birlikte kullanma gibi ama\u00e7larla Londra\u2019da \u201cbah\u00e7e-kent\u201dler kurulur. Kentlileri do\u011fayla bulu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan bu bah\u00e7e-kentler \u015fimdi \u015fatafatl\u0131, zenginlerin oturdu\u011fu korunakl\u0131 siteler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Kentsel bah\u00e7e ya da bostanlar nedense hep bunal\u0131mlar sonras\u0131 say\u0131 olarak \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de bunal\u0131m\u0131 hafifleten bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. ABD\u2019de 1930 bunal\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 bah\u00e7elerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi kentsel tar\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek oldu\u011fu gibi tar\u0131m\u0131n geneli i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir. Bug\u00fcn her y\u00f6n\u00fcnden rant ve kindarl\u0131k ad\u0131na k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan AO\u00c7 Ankara\u2019n\u0131n nefes alabilece\u011fi aland\u0131r ve buna benzer alanlar\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi yerine ne yaz\u0131k ki katledilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 1.ve 2. d\u00fcnya sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Kanada, Almanya gibi \u00fclkelerde \u201czafer\u201d, \u201csava\u015f\u201d ya da \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d bah\u00e7eleri ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bah\u00e7eler kurulur. Ama\u00e7 sava\u015fta insanlara ve askerlere g\u0131da sa\u011flamakt\u0131r ya da sava\u015f\u0131n g\u0131da \u00fcretimi \u00fczerindeki etkilerini azaltmakt\u0131r. ABD\u2019de sava\u015f bah\u00e7eleri ulusal komisyonu kurulur ve 5 milyon bah\u00e7e 1,2 milyar dolarl\u0131k \u00fcretim yapar. 2.D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki bah\u00e7eler g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa, Almanya, Hollanda gibi \u00fclkelerde sonradan ad\u0131 \u201caile\u201d ya da \u201cortak\u201d bah\u00e7eler olacak \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i bah\u00e7eleri\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da Doktor ve e\u011fitim bilimci Daniel Schreber halk\u0131 e\u011fitmek ve kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla bah\u00e7eler kurar. 25 y\u0131l sonra Felicie Hervieu benzer uygulamay\u0131 Fransa\u2019da ba\u015flat\u0131r ve arkas\u0131ndan Cambrai\u2019de ba\u015frahip ve siyaset adam\u0131 Lemire i\u015f\u00e7i ailelerinin durumunu iyile\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i bah\u00e7elerini daha da geli\u015ftirir. 1904 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde 48 olan bah\u00e7e say\u0131s\u0131 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1515\u2019e ula\u015f\u0131r. Sava\u015fta da geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr ve sava\u015f sonu 250.000\u2019e yak\u0131n bah\u00e7e bulunur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri fabrikaya ba\u011flayan ve e\u011flenceden uzak tutmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan paternalist bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede yok de\u011fildir. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda kolektif ve aile bah\u00e7eleri birli\u011fi kurulur ve bah\u00e7elerin geli\u015fmesine destek olur. Hollanda\u2019da 1838 y\u0131l\u0131nda belediyeler i\u015f\u00e7i ailelerine bah\u00e7eler verirler. Bah\u00e7elerin kimi sonradan sebze \u00fcretimine devam ederken kimileri bo\u015f zaman\u0131n de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi yerler olur.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da 1917 sosyalist devrimiyle Howard\u2019\u0131n bah\u00e7e-kent d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden esinlenerek i\u015f\u00e7i bah\u00e7eleri kurulur ve i\u015f\u00e7ilere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Son istatistiklere g\u00f6re (2008) Rusya\u2019da kentlerde ya\u015fayan 20-25 milyon ailenin bah\u00e7elerde tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa \u00fclkelerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i bah\u00e7elerini kapsayan federasyon kurulur. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Havana\u2019da meyve ve sebze \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 50\u2019si kentlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Japonya\u2019da Teikei sistemi k\u00f6yl\u00fc tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f bir dernektir. T\u00fcketiciler arac\u0131s\u0131z olarak bu derneklerden sebze ve meyve gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Tar\u0131m\u0131n giderek zirai ilaca bo\u011fulmas\u0131 ve 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda c\u0131va zehirlenmesi sonras\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan minamata (Minamata koyu yak\u0131n\u0131nda kurulan petrokimyasal fabrikan\u0131n zehirli a\u011f\u0131r metal \u00e7\u00f6pleri sonucu) hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra bu \u00e7iftlikler kurulur. Brezilya\u2019da \u201cchacara\u201d lar, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da \u201cfincas\u201dlar ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kurulur.<\/p>\n

19.ve 20.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra kentsel \u00e7iftlikler t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kentsel tar\u0131m\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>
\nKentsel \u00e7iftliklerin k\u0131sa tarih\u00e7esini anlat\u0131rken k\u0131smen de bu \u00e7iftliklerin, bostanlar\u0131n, bah\u00e7elerin k\u0131saca ama\u00e7lar\u0131na de\u011findik. \u015eimdi bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131 toparlayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Bu bah\u00e7e, \u00e7iftlik ya da bostanlar genellikle ki\u015filerin, ailelerin bo\u015f zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeleri ve az da olsa gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla ticari amac\u0131 olmayan toprak par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7ede de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi geli\u015fmeleri buhran ve sava\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015f olup insanlar\u0131n sebze ve meyve gibi gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f olsa ilk kurulu\u015f felsefesi i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve ailelerinin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na katk\u0131 ya da ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fctmek olmu\u015ftur. Zamanla \u00e7iftlikler \u00e7at\u0131larda, katl\u0131 binalarda, kentin bo\u015f arsalar\u0131nda, parklarda, depolarda, hangarlarda, balkonlarda, kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda zevk u\u011fra\u015f\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bah\u00e7elerde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bostanlarda yeni ama\u00e7lar ve \u00f6zellikler kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her bir ama\u00e7 ya da \u00f6zellik kendi i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara konu olabilirse de bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz: 1-Toplumsal, 2- \u00c7evresel ve 3-Ekonomik \u00f6zellikler olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenebilir. Toplumsal \u00f6zelliklere \u00f6rnek olarak do\u011fayla ba\u015f ba\u015fa olma ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme, do\u011faya sayg\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme, birliktelik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma, eylemimizin do\u011fada iz b\u0131rakmas\u0131, kimli\u011fimizi a\u00e7\u0131klama, dinginlik ya\u015fama, do\u011fay\u0131 seyretme alan\u0131 olmas\u0131, kendini \u00e7evreleyen d\u00fcnyada bir yer bulman\u0131n anlam\u0131, engelli ya da sorunlu ki\u015filer i\u00e7in tedavi ama\u00e7l\u0131 e\u011fitim alan\u0131, kent ve g\u0131da hakk\u0131n\u0131 savunma, ku\u015faklararas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 kurma, yerel demokrasiye katk\u0131da bulunma, yeni beslenme t\u00fcrleri ke\u015ffetme, k\u0131rt-kent ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltma gibi \u00f6rnekleri verebiliriz. \u00c7evresel katk\u0131lar\u0131 ise ye\u015fil alan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin artmas\u0131, eski ve kaybolan tohumlar\u0131n ya da t\u00fcrlerin yeniden \u00fcretilmesi, kentsel dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flama, havan\u0131n temizlenmesi, kent \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fcn\u00fcn geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle g\u00fcbre olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, ya\u011fmur suyunu ve g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar enerjisini kullanarak enerjiden tasarruf, mikro iklim yaratma, zirai ila\u00e7 kullanmama, ku\u015f ve b\u00f6ceklere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak sa\u011flama, bitkilerle ya\u011fmur suyunun ar\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, topraktan tasarruf etme gibi \u00f6rnekleri verebiliriz. Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan katk\u0131lar\u0131 ise ticari olmayan ve ticari olan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nabilir. Bu \u00e7iftliklerin ticari bir amac\u0131 yoksa da son zamanlarda ticari ama\u00e7la eski binalar\u0131, depolar\u0131, kullan\u0131lmayan sanayi bina ve alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak sebze-meyve ve hatta k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren ve ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yapan \u015firketlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu \u00fcretime y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ok katl\u0131 binalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomik katk\u0131lar\u0131 ailelerin sebze ve meyve gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131lama (elde edilen meyvelerden re\u00e7el yap\u0131m\u0131, mantar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc), k\u0131sa devre tar\u0131m\u0131 yaratma, verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rma, yereli t\u00fcketme, istihdam sa\u011flama, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saltma, yeni teknikler bulma ve yaratma (akuaponi, hidrofoni, aeroponi gibi), do\u011frudan sat\u0131\u015f, kente \u00f6zyeterlilik kazand\u0131rma, fakirli\u011fi azaltma, \u00fcretici-t\u00fcketici aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi, biyolojik tar\u0131ma katk\u0131, tar\u0131ma tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 katk\u0131, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131na katk\u0131, kentsel planlamaya katk\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralayabiliriz. Ancak kentsel \u00e7iftliklerde tah\u0131llar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zordur. Sadece belirli bir kitlenin belirli gereksinmelerine yan\u0131t verebilir ve bu da da ihmal edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz bu ama\u00e7 ve yararlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kentte yap\u0131lan tar\u0131m\u0131n, bah\u00e7e ve bostanlar\u0131n olumsuz y\u00f6nlerini de unutmamak gerekir: En \u00f6nemlisi burada yeti\u015ftirilen sebze ve meyvelerde kirlilik sorunudur. Kentin trafi\u011finden, kirlili\u011finden etkilenmemesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r ve bunun i\u00e7inde \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir. Ku\u015f ve b\u00f6ceklerin \u00e7iftliklere yerle\u015fmesi kimi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na (ku\u015f gribi) neden olabilir mi? \u0130nsan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu t\u00fcr \u00e7iftliklerde yeti\u015fen sebze ve meyvelerin incelenmesi gerekir ve halihaz\u0131rda fazla da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir inceleme yoktur. Almanya\u2019da Berlin Teknik \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma a\u011f\u0131r metal kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131larda yap\u0131lacak \u00e7iftlik ya da tar\u0131m konusunda ise teknik sorunlara dikkat etmek gerekir. \u00c7at\u0131n\u0131n bu t\u00fcr tar\u0131mla i\u015fgal edilmesi \u00e7at\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flam olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, su ge\u00e7irebilir olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve buna dikkat edilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca mevzuat engelleyici olabilir. Bu t\u00fcr uygulamalarda ayd\u0131nlatma ve \u0131s\u0131tma \u00f6nemlidir ve yenilenebilir enerjiyle bu sa\u011flanabilecek midir? Yeni parazitler ya da hastal\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir mi? Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7iftliklerin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 kentsel ranta ve arsaya bask\u0131 yap\u0131p fiyatlar\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olabilir mi? Tar\u0131m\u0131n yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131mda karbon maliyetini gerekli olarak azaltmaz. 2008\u2019de Londra\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re Londra\u2019da \u00e7at\u0131 serada \u00fcretilen domatesin karbon maliyetinin \u0130spanya\u2019dan Londra\u2019ya ithal edilen domatesten daha fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Londra\u2019da nemi azaltmak i\u00e7in seray\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmak (yoksa hastal\u0131k olabilir) daha fazla enerji ister. Uygulamalar\u0131n artmas\u0131yla bu konular hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi sahibi olabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Kentsel tar\u0131mdan \u00f6rnekler<\/strong>
\n\u00dclkemizde Yedikule bostanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimi yerel y\u00f6netimlerin ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 zevk ve e\u011flence ama\u00e7l\u0131 bah\u00e7eler vard\u0131r. Fo\u00e7a yery\u00fcz\u00fc pazar\u0131 gibi, Ankara Kazan, Aya\u015f gibi yerlerde bostanc\u0131l\u0131k gibi. Bu t\u00fcr alanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 kent ve gelece\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemlidir. Bo\u015f alanlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek tar\u0131m yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u201cGerilla Bah\u00e7eleri\u201d adl\u0131 bah\u00e7eler oldu\u011funu da burada belirtelim. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketiminin 1\/7 ile 1\/5\u2019i aras\u0131nda \u00fcretim sa\u011flayan kentsel \u00e7iftliklerin pay\u0131 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1\/4 ile 1\/3 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r (kentsel \u00e7eper dahil). \u015eimdi d\u00fcnyadan \u00f6rnekler verelim:<\/p>\n

Z Farm:<\/strong> Berlin kentinde kontenerlerle yap\u0131lan tar\u0131m. Organik \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fc kullan\u0131r ve \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinde kirlili\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7mek gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pasona<\/strong>: Japonya\u2019da 400-20.000 metrekare alanda bina i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan bu tar\u0131m \u00f6zel bir \u015firketin gereksinmelerine y\u00f6nelik kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Luta Farm:<\/strong> Kanada Montr\u00e9al kentinde \u00e7at\u0131larda kurulan \u00e7iftlikler. Ticari ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sky Greens Farm:<\/strong> Singapur kentinde kurulu dikey \u00e7iftlikler. Her iki g\u00fcnde 1 ton sebze \u00fcretimi sa\u011flar. 3,6 hektarl\u0131k alana sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Aerofarms:<\/strong> ABD Nevyork\u2019ta 2004\u2019de kurulan ve 2012\u2019de \u00fcretime ge\u00e7en i\u00e7sel \u00e7iftlik(Katlarda). \u00dcr\u00fcnler 12-16 g\u00fcnde yeti\u015fir, Y\u0131lda 20-30 hasat yap\u0131l\u0131r. Su tasarrufu %95\u2019dir. Organik dokuma \u00fczerinde ve optimal \u0131\u015f\u0131k ayar\u0131yla sebze \u00fcretilmektedir. Besinli su i\u00e7inde bitki d\u00f6rt kat fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

City for Ekovores<\/strong>: Fransa Nantes kentinde nehir \u00fczerindeki gemilerin i\u00e7inde sebze ve ot \u00fcretimi.<\/p>\n

Noble Rot:<\/strong> ABD\u2019de Portland kentinde restoran \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7iftlik. Restorana gerekli sebze ve otlar\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Farmed Here:<\/strong> ABD\u2019de \u015eikago kentinde 8400 m2\u2019lik hangar i\u00e7inde akuaponi(bal\u0131klar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n suda eritilip sebzeler i\u00e7in g\u00fcbre olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131) tekni\u011fiyle sebze \u00fcretimi.<\/p>\n

Grange Farm:<\/strong> ABD Broklin\u2019de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kentsel \u00e7iftli\u011fi. 18 ton\/y\u0131l sebze \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n

Agro ParisTech:<\/strong> Paris tar\u0131m teknoloji okulu \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131nda 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri sebze-ot \u00fcretimi denemeleri.<\/p>\n

Urban Farming Zuid park<\/strong>: Hollanda Amsterdam\u2019da 2000 metrekarelik alanl\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131da \u00e7iftlik.<\/p>\n

Potage-Toit:<\/strong> Br\u00fcksel\u2019de \u00e7at\u0131da seralarda sazan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7iftli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019li Dickson Despommier\u2019in dikey \u00e7iftli\u011fi:<\/strong> 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk kez dikey \u00e7iftlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ele al\u0131r. Proje a\u015famas\u0131nda olan bu 30 katl\u0131 g\u00f6kdelen dikey \u00e7iftlik i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 30.000 ki\u015fiyi besleyecek \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olup maliyeti fazla oldu\u011fundan \u015fimdilik beklemededir. Yine Nevyork\u2019 taki DragonFly projesi de 130 katl\u0131 bir dikey \u00e7iftlik projesidir.<\/p>\n

Detroit bostanlar\u0131:<\/strong> ABD\u2019de ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fayan Detroit kentinde terk edilen sanayi alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7iftlikler kurulmu\u015ftur ve kentliler tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015farak sebze-meyve gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Renewall Farm:<\/strong> ABD- Nevyork-Manhattan\u2019da alkol ve uyu\u015fturucu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kentsel \u00e7iftlik.<\/p>\n

Anderlecht mezbahas\u0131:<\/strong> Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n bu kentinde eski mezbaha yerinde \u015fimdi 4000 metrekareye yay\u0131lan kentsel \u00e7iftlik bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ECF (Efficient City farming):<\/strong> Almanya Berlin\u2019de bu firma konteynerlerde haz\u0131r \u00e7iftlikler satar.<\/p>\n

Gotham Greens:<\/strong> Yine ABD\u2019de bilgisayar destekli 1400 m2\u2019lik ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili serada marul ve ot \u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n

Todmorden kenti:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 2008 bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra herkes her yere (bah\u00e7e, park, hastane bah\u00e7esi, okul bah\u00e7esi) tohum eker. Her yer bostan olsun denir ve isteyen istedi\u011fi yerden sebzeleri al\u0131r ve t\u00fcketir (incredible edible). \u201c\u0130stedi\u011fini gereksinimin kadar al\u201d hareketi ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnekleri \u00e7o\u011faltabiliriz. Son olarak Danimarka\u2019da Human habitat adl\u0131 firma 538 m2\u2019lik ve 10 g\u00fcnde kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r hale gelen, geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f maddelerden \u00fcretilen ev i\u00e7inde sebze \u00fcretmeye y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131r \u201ckit\u201dler pazarlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtelim.<\/p>\n

2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan International Urban food Network (Uluslararas\u0131 Kent G\u0131da A\u011f\u0131) ile kentleraras\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da 3 milyon parsel \u00e7iftliklere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup Office International du Coin de Terre (Uluslararas\u0131 Toprak K\u00f6\u015fesi Ofisi) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda etkinlik g\u00f6sterirler. Uluslararas\u0131 G\u0131da \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Food For Cities (Kentler i\u00e7in G\u0131da) kurulu\u015fu bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da kurulan CNJCF ( olektif ve ailesel bah\u00e7eler ulusal konseyi)\u2019in 135.000 \u00fcyesi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlar sistemi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir mi?<\/strong>
\n2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da Rosny-sous-Bois kentinde 200 hektarl\u0131k alan\u0131 kaplayan bah\u00e7eler rant\u0131n kurban\u0131 olur ve yerine AVM yap\u0131l\u0131r ve AVM i\u00e7inde bah\u00e7e \u00fcr\u00fcnleri satan bir market yer al\u0131r! (Bize \u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 olmayan bir olay!) Bu olaydan hareketle \u015fu sorular\u0131 sorabiliriz: Yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuduktan sonra siz yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Kentsel tar\u0131m ya da \u00e7iftlikler sadece bir e\u011flence ve zaman ge\u00e7irme yeri midir? Ama\u00e7 kenti beslemek midir? Kenti daha iyi ya\u015fanabilir hale getirmek midir? Ekolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye daha fazla yer a\u00e7mak m\u0131d\u0131r? Karbon izini azaltmak m\u0131d\u0131r? \u00dctopya m\u0131d\u0131r? Kent kendini besleyebilir mi? Kentlileri ne \u015fekilde etkileyebilir? \u201cYerel G\u0131da\u201d ge\u00e7ici bir heves midir yoksa geli\u015fecek midir? \u00dclkede birka\u00e7 kenti sadece tar\u0131ma ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Kentsel \u00e7iftlik geleneksel tar\u0131m\u0131n yerini alabilir mi ya da rekabete girebilir mi? Kentlilerin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, eskiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Kentlerdeki fakirli\u011fe, g\u0131da yetersizli\u011fine bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunabilir mi? \u201cFakirlerin alan\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cekenek\u201di midir? Kentsel \u00e7iftlik gibi kimi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler kapitalist sistemi h\u0131rpalayabilir mi? Yoksa sorun bizi s\u00fcrekli t\u00fcketimle uyaran ve s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kapitalist sistemin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Yoksa kapitalist sistem kentsel \u00e7iftlik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irip yeni k\u00e2r kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7abilir mi? Kentlerdeki emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n savunma refleksi midir? Kent-k\u0131r ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir mi? B\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ge\u00e7i\u015fin halkas\u0131 olabilir mi? Kapitalist kentsel rant bu t\u00fcr \u00e7iftliklerin geli\u015fmesine izin verir mi? Ranta kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilme g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6sterebilir mi \u00e7iftlikler? Kendinize ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bah\u00e7e ve bostanda sizi d\u00fc\u015flere dald\u0131r\u0131p sistemi sorgulatmayan bir ara\u00e7 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

2012 Y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cFuturibles\u201d dergisindeki yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Gilles Pinson 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda kentler i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 senaryo tasarlar: 1- Merkapol: G\u0131das\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer ia\u015felerini k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde sa\u011flayan kent. 2- Ar\u015fipol: Kentsel b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin planl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve tar\u0131msal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f kent, 3-Antipol: Kentlerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve insanlar\u0131n ya\u015famak i\u00e7in kendi \u00fcretimlerini sa\u011flamas\u0131. Hangi kentte hangi g\u0131dalarla ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131z?<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir-iki kitap: Georges Mon\u00e9diaire: Agriculture urbaine et villes durables, 1999.(kentsel tar\u0131m ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kentler).<\/em>
\n Beatrice Cabedoce, Philippe Pierson: 1896-1996, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i bah\u00e7elerinin y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131,1996.<\/em>
\n TMMOB, \u0130zmir kent sempozyumu, 2013, Kas\u0131m.<\/em>
\n Science et Vie dergisi, \u00f6zel say\u0131, no: 274, 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nternet kaynaklar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n

mrmondialisation.org; publi.lemonde.fr; fr.wikipedia; laviedesid\u00e9es.fr; projetful.fr; futur.arte.tv.fr; soa.architectes.fr; francetvinfo.fr; sciencesetavenir.fr; huffingtonpost.fr; kozmorfol.wordpress.com; XXI.com.tr; devrimciproleterya.net; toitsvivants.org; urbacorm.analblog.com; maisonagricultureurbaine.com; vertigo.revues.org; agriurbain.hypotheses.org; futura.sciences.com; lejournal.cnrs.fr; jardins.familiaux.asso.fr; aujardin.info; jardins-partag\u00e9s.org; bianet.org; walkingistanbul.com; sendika10.org; lejournal.cnrs.fr; gembloox.ulg.ac.be; collectivitesvivables.org; lua.paris.com; batiactu.com; la-crix.com; larecyclerie.com; enerzine.com; toolito.com; transition-verte.com; fr.slideshare-net.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kentsel \u00e7iftlik gibi kimi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler kapitalist sistemi h\u0131rpalayabilir mi? Yoksa sorun…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-20971","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20971"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20971\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}