Kamuoyuna \u201cmega projeler\u201d olarak takdim edilen, en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerini \u0130stanbul \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Havaliman\u0131, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fc, Avrasya T\u00fcneli ile Gebze-\u0130zmir Otoyolu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu projeler ekonomik, ekolojik, hukuk ve mali istikrar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mercek alt\u0131nda tutuluyor, s\u0131k\u00e7a ele\u015ftiriliyor, kamu maliyesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kara delik tehdidi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n
\u201cMega projeler\u201d \u00f6z\u00fcnde Kamu-\u00d6zel \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi (K\u00d6\u0130) projeleri ve son tahlilde \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmenin t\u00fcrevi say\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Kamu arazisi, k\u0131y\u0131, akarsu, maden gibi kamusal varl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti kamuda kalsa da i\u015fletme ve kullanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle \u00f6zel firmalara b\u0131rakma operasyonu olan K\u00d6\u0130 projeleri geni\u015f anlamda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinin devam\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yap \u0130\u015flet Devret, \u0130\u015fletme Hakk\u0131 Devri gibi y\u00f6ntemleri i\u00e7eren K\u00d6\u0130 projeleri D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle \u201cy\u00fckselen \u00e7evre \u00fclkeler\u201de \u00f6neriliyor ve destekleniyor. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, y\u00fckselen 10 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde en fazla proje stokuna Brezilya sahip ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 510 milyar dolar. Hindistan 341 milyar dolar ile ikinci, T\u00fcrkiye ise 161 milyar dolar ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada. Rusya 155 milyar dolarl\u0131k K\u00d6\u0130 stoku ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrken Meksika\u2019n\u0131n 141 milyar dolarl\u0131k K\u00d6\u0130 stoku oldu\u011fu, \u00c7in\u2019in ise bu konuda biraz geriden gitti\u011fi ve K\u00d6\u0130 proje stokunu 139 milyar dolarda tuttu\u011fu g\u00f6zleniyor.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren K\u00d6\u0130 projelerinden en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcn yat\u0131r\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrmekte olan 34 projenin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisine ula\u015f\u0131yor. Bu d\u00f6rt \u201cmega proje\u201d i\u00e7inde, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Havaliman\u0131 14 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile (y\u00fczde 38 pay) di\u011fer projelerden ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6rt mega projenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc \u0130stanbul\u2019dad. Avrasya T\u00fcneli ve \u0130stanbul\u2019un Kuzey ormanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda yer alan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Havaliman\u0131 ile \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fc ve hen\u00fcz tasar\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda olan Kanal \u0130stanbul birbirini besleyen projeler olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmet K\u00d6\u0130 projelerini b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin ana g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak takdim ediyor ve bunlarla \u201ctek kuru\u015f\u201d kamu kayna\u011f\u0131 kullanmadan \u00f6zel yerli-yabanc\u0131 sermayenin yat\u0131r\u0131ma te\u015fvik edildi\u011fini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n
Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k K\u00d6\u0130\u2019leri ele\u015ftiren kimi muhalif partiler, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve sivil inisiyatifler, projelerin rantabl olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme, ula\u015f\u0131m, enerji politikalar\u0131na dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, e\u015f-dost kapitalizmi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, kay\u0131rmac\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyorlar. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra projelerin fizibiliteleri sorgulan\u0131yor, \u015feffafl\u0131ktan uzak yap\u0131lar\u0131 ele\u015ftiriliyor. Projeler, kamu denetimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan yap\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7evre, tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131na \u00f6zensizlikleriyle de tepki topluyorlar.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin TBMM ad\u0131na kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen Say\u0131\u015ftay\u2019\u0131n 2015 y\u0131l\u0131na ili\u015fkin raporlar\u0131nda bu projelerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 uygulayan Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Denizcilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ona ba\u011fl\u0131 Karayollar\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (KGM) ele\u015ftiriliyor. Raporda \u015fu ifadeler kullan\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201cKGM\u2019nin Kamu \u00d6zel \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi modeline g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen iki adet projesi mevcut olup, bu projeler kapsam\u0131nda verilen talep garantilerine ili\u015fkin herhangi bir kay\u0131t yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile verilen talep garantisi tutarlar\u0131 mali tablolara yans\u0131mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d Say\u0131\u015ftay \u015firketlere garantiler verilerek yapt\u0131r\u0131lan projelerin kamu finansman\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin kar\u015f\u0131lanabilme kapasitesi ve gelecek d\u00f6nemlerin finansman ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n analiz edilebilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00fcstlendi\u011fi risklerin muhasebe sistemi i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n
Kamu denetim ve envanter eksikli\u011finin kamu maliyesine tats\u0131z s\u00fcrprizler yapmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe ediliyor. Bu projelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcnde yap\u0131mc\u0131 yerli-yabanc\u0131 firmalara garantiler verilmi\u015f durumda. \u00d6rne\u011fin, toplam i\u015fletme s\u00fcresi 15 y\u0131l olan Gebze-Orhangazi-\u0130zmir Otoyolu Projesi i\u00e7in 40 milyar TL (yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 milyar dolar) toplam talep garantisi verildi. \u0130\u015fletme s\u00fcresi sekiz y\u0131la yak\u0131n olan Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu Projesi (\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc d\u00e2hil) i\u00e7in de 6 milyar dolara yak\u0131n talep garantisi sa\u011fland\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Havaliman\u0131 i\u00e7in Devlet Hava Meydanlar\u0131 \u0130\u015fletmesi (DHM\u0130) ilk 12 y\u0131l i\u00e7in toplam 6.3 milyar avroluk sadece d\u0131\u015f hat ve transitleri kapsayan yolcu garantisi sa\u011flad\u0131. Avrasya T\u00fcneli i\u00e7in garanti edilen ara\u00e7 ge\u00e7i\u015fi g\u00fcnde 70 bin. 25 y\u0131l i\u015fletme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nan sa\u011fl\u0131k kamp\u00fcslerine kamu hastaneleri kirac\u0131 olacak ve Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, kirac\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece 27 milyar dolar kira \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n
Bu garantiler, ekonominin en az y\u0131lda y\u00fczde 4-5 dolay\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Oysa T\u00fcrkiye bu projelerin ihale edildi\u011fi 2013-2014\u2019ten bu yana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcme patikas\u0131na inmi\u015f ve ortalama b\u00fcy\u00fcme y\u00fczde 2.5-3 band\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumda. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llar i\u00e7in umulan y\u00fczde 5 b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedefleri ise d\u0131\u015f kaynak giri\u015findeki zay\u0131flama dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla projeler tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda umulan gelir elde edilemez ise Hazine, garanti edilen tutarlar\u0131 firmalara \u00f6demek durumunda kalacak ve b\u00fct\u00e7ede kara delikler olu\u015facak.<\/p>\n
\u201cMega projeler\u201din y\u00f6neltti\u011fi bir di\u011fer tehdit de Hazine\u2019ye ve banka sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fck. B\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131m gerektiren bu projelerin finansman\u0131na Hazine garant\u00f6r olarak destek veriyor. K\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131yla, finansman d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan temin edilemeyince h\u00fck\u00fcmetin etkisiyle kamu bankalar\u0131 bir anlamda finansmana zorlanm\u0131\u015f oldular. Bu da bankalar\u0131n aktif yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozdu. Fitch, Moody\u2019s, S&P gibi kredi derecelendirme kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bu zorlanm\u0131\u015f finansmana raporlar\u0131nda yer vererek bankalar\u0131n notunu k\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Kredi derecelendirme kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Hazine\u2019nin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fc, Avrasya T\u00fcneli ve Gebze-\u0130zmir Otoyolu projeleriyle ilgili \u201cbor\u00e7 \u00fcstlenim tutarlar\u0131n\u0131\u201d dikkate alm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. \u00dc\u00e7 projenin yat\u0131r\u0131m tutar\u0131n\u0131n 11 milyar dolar, kullan\u0131lan kredi tutar\u0131n\u0131n ise 8.7 milyar dolar oldu\u011funu kaydeden Hazine M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu projelerin, s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin s\u00fcresinden \u00f6nce feshedilmesi ve tesisin ilgili idareler taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nmas\u0131 halinde yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan finansman\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri \u00fcstlenmeyi taahh\u00fct etmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n
Kredi derecelendirme kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ise kamu maliyesindeki di\u011fer risklerle birlikte bu kredi riskinin de k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde.<\/p>\n
Devam eden K\u00d6\u0130 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fletmeye ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte ya\u015fanabilecek mali sorunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 da bilinmiyor. S\u0131rada Kanal \u0130stanbul, \u00c7anakkale K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u0130zmir Otoyolu, \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 Bo\u011faz t\u00fcneli gibi daha iddial\u0131 projelerin ihaleleri var. Bunlar da merakla izleniyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kamuoyuna \u201cmega projeler\u201d olarak takdim edilen, en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerini \u0130stanbul \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Havaliman\u0131, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[3338,1563],"class_list":{"0":"post-23192","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-ekonomi","9":"tag-mega-projeler"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23192"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23192\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}