{"id":24290,"date":"2017-02-14T11:42:40","date_gmt":"2017-02-14T08:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=24290"},"modified":"2019-01-28T20:40:22","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T17:40:22","slug":"dunyadan-kent-bahceleri-kuba-ambargoya-karsi-organoponicos-rana-soylemez-yesil-gazete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/dunyadan-kent-bahceleri-kuba-ambargoya-karsi-organoponicos-rana-soylemez-yesil-gazete\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyadan Kent Bah\u00e7eleri-K\u00fcba: Ambargoya kar\u015f\u0131 Organop\u00f3nicos – Rana S\u00f6ylemez (Ye\u015fil Gazete)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Petrol kaynaklar\u0131 iyice azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, petrol temelli ekonomimize ne olacak? Bizi Mad Max tarz\u0131 ilkel bir sava\u015f ortam\u0131 m\u0131, yoksa Ursula LeGuin\u2019in sanayinin yokoldu\u011fu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l d\u00fcnyas\u0131 m\u0131 bekliyor? Mesela kentlere besin ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yak\u0131t t\u00fckenirse, \u015fehirliler ne yapacak? \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczde hi\u00e7 de \u00fctopik olmayan bir \u00f6rnek var: K\u00fcba 1980\u2019lerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ambargo sonras\u0131 y\u00fczy\u00fcze kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kent bah\u00e7ecili\u011fi ile yenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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1956\u2019da K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun %56\u2019s\u0131 k\u0131rsal kesimlerde ya\u015farken, bu oran 1990\u2019larda %20\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde, K\u00fcba ekonomisi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden gelen deste\u011fe dayan\u0131yordu. \u015eeker kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda petrol, kimyasal g\u00fcbreler, zirai ila\u00e7lar ve di\u011fer \u00e7iftlik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri alan K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131das\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %50\u2019si ithal edilmekteydi. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131da \u00fcretimi, Sovyet tarz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131m end\u00fcstrisi etraf\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden \u00f6nce K\u00fcba, y\u0131lda 1 milyondan fazla sentetik g\u00fcbre ve 35 bine kadar herbisit ve b\u00f6cek ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla K\u00fcba ana ticaret orta\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve elveri\u015fli ticaret s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda petrole, kimyasal g\u00fcbrelere, b\u00f6cek ilac\u0131 eri\u015fimini kaybetti. Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ambargo ile bu ada devlet d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131ndan bir gecede koptu. 1989-1993 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u00fcba ekonomisi %35 oran\u0131nda darald\u0131; d\u0131\u015f ticaret %75 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyet yard\u0131m\u0131 olmadan, yerli tar\u0131m \u00fcretimi de yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 ortalama kalori al\u0131m\u0131, 1989\u2019da g\u00fcnde 2.900\u2019den 1995\u2019de 1.800 kaloriye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Protein t\u00fcketimi %40 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcbal\u0131lar kendi yiyeceklerini yeti\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek zorundayd\u0131lar. Kimyasallar ve g\u00fcbrelere eri\u015fimleri kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, toprak iyile\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, g\u0131da organik hale geldi. Parceleros ad\u0131 verilen binlerce yeni kentsel m\u00fcnferit \u00e7ift\u00e7i ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. K\u00fcba Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (MINAGRI) deste\u011fi ile \u00fcniversiteden uzmanlar, organik pestisit ve yararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerle g\u0131da yeti\u015ftirmeye g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ki\u015fileri e\u011fitti.<\/p>\n

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Yapay g\u00fcbreler olmadan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden al\u0131nan hidroponik ekipman art\u0131k kullan\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bunun yerine, organik bah\u00e7ede kullan\u0131labilmeleri i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Orijinal hidrofobik \u00fcniteler (uzun dikme \u00e7imento oluklar\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek metal konteyn\u0131rlar) \u015fekerli at\u0131klarla dolduruldu ve b\u00f6ylece hidroponik sistemler \u201corganop\u00f3nicos\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Havana\u2019da eski otoparklarda, terk edilmi\u015f bina b\u00f6lgelerinde, balkonlarda, \u00e7at\u0131larda ve hatta yollar aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklarda; k\u0131saca her yerde \u201corganop\u00f3nicos\u201d yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1998 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle, Havana\u2019da resmi olarak tan\u0131nan 8000\u2019den fazla bah\u00e7e vard\u0131 (bireysel ekilen arazilerden, devlete ait b\u00fcy\u00fck gayrimenkullere kadar), tamamen organik \u00fcretim yap\u0131l\u0131yordu ve \u00fclkenin g\u0131das\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %50\u2019sini \u00fcretiyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcbal\u0131lar i\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fehirde bah\u00e7ecilik yapmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Santiago de Cuba\u2019dan bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Pinar del Rio\u2019ya kadar binlerce kent bah\u00e7esi \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131yor. Bu kom\u00fcn kent bah\u00e7elerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 300,000 K\u00fcbal\u0131 kendi meyve sebzelerini yeti\u015ftirmekte ve fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131na satmakta. Havana\u2019da bulunan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 11 hektar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki \u015fehir \u00e7iftli\u011fi Vivero Alamar, K\u00fcba\u2019daki g\u0131da devriminin sadece bir \u00f6rne\u011fi. Ba\u015fkent Havana\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda yer alan ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluk bah\u00e7esi olan Vivero Alamar\u2019da 150 ki\u015filik bir topluluk \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nKuruculardan biri olan Miguel Angel Salcines L\u00f3pez, \u201cBurada ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duygumuz organik \u00fcretime dayan\u0131yor. Topluluk olmam\u0131z ise bu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyor\u201d diyor ve ekliyor, \u201cEkonomik olarak daha yenilmeziz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik \u015fartlara daha iyi adapte olabiliyoruz. Buradaki \u00fcyelerimiz ve ailelerimiz ile olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz sosyal birlikteli\u011fimiz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de adeta yenilmeziz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Beginning with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Cuba entered a period of extreme shortages that came to be known as “The Special Period.” With imports such as food, fuel, pesticides, and fertilizers disappearing almost overnight, Cubans began to grow their own produce wherever they could–balconies, empty lots, roof-tops. Initially these were grassroots initiatives born of necessity, but over the next decade they would become a central tenet of State planning and a pillar for the island’s economy.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n kent bah\u00e7eleri, uygun fiyatlarda yerel ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131daya ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in istihdam yarat\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fehirde organik \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin \u00fctopik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bizlere kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131dada kendine yeterlili\u011fi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi, kentsel ve organik g\u0131da yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin benimsenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, gelecekte petrol\u00fcn azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde \u00f6rnek al\u0131nabilecek, ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek bir hareket. \u00c7evreci Bill McKibben\u2019in ifadesiyle, K\u00fcba \u201cyar\u0131-s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir tar\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan modeli\u201d olabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Petrol kaynaklar\u0131 iyice azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, petrol temelli ekonomimize ne olacak? Bizi Mad Max…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[3489,3487,3488,56],"class_list":{"0":"post-24290","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-bostan","9":"tag-kent-bahceleri","10":"tag-kent-bostanlari","11":"tag-kuba"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24290","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24290"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24290\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24290"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}