{"id":27974,"date":"2018-01-09T19:45:45","date_gmt":"2018-01-09T16:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=27974"},"modified":"2019-01-29T14:44:00","modified_gmt":"2019-01-29T11:44:00","slug":"halk-sagligi-tehdit-altinda-hava-kirliligi-nereye-gidiyor-sezen-ozkan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/halk-sagligi-tehdit-altinda-hava-kirliligi-nereye-gidiyor-sezen-ozkan\/","title":{"rendered":"Halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit alt\u0131nda, hava kirlili\u011fi nereye gidiyor?-Sezen \u00d6zkan"},"content":{"rendered":"

“T\u00fcrkiye’de y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bin insan hava kirlili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor”<\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011fi… Hi\u00e7 yokmu\u015f gibi kabul edilen ama ba\u015fta da s\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi 30 bin insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olacak kadar da ciddi bir sorun asl\u0131nda. Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) ve D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f olan kirletici s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndan dahi ge\u00e7meyen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ek tabloyu herkesle payla\u015fmak gerekiyor: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin izin verdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar AB ve WHO’nun olduk\u00e7a \u00fczerinde. <\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi kirletici parametreleri, k\u00fck\u00fcrt dioksit, azot dioksit, azot oksitleri, partik\u00fcler madde (PM10 , PM2.5), kur\u015fun, benzen, karbon monoksit, arsenik, kadmiyum, nikel, benzo(a)piren ve ozon olarak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor, kirleticilerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinin ve de\u011ferlendirilmesinin gereklili\u011fini belirtiyor. \u00dclkemizdeki en \u00f6nemli ve s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri a\u015fan kirleticiler ise PM10 ve PM2,5\u2019dir. <\/p>\n

PM10 ve PM2,5 nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Partik\u00fcl madde (PM), atmosferde veya bir gaz k\u00fctlesinde 0,0002 \u03bcm molek\u00fclden b\u00fcy\u00fck ve 500 \u03bcm’den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kat\u0131 veya s\u0131v\u0131 halde bulunan, elementel ve organik karbon, amonyum, nitrat, s\u00fclfat, mineral toz, iz elementler ve suyun kompleks bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Partik\u00fcl maddeler boyutlar\u0131na g\u00f6re isimlendirilirler. 2,5 \u00b5m\u2019den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck partik\u00fcller (PM2.5), 10 \u00b5m\u2019nin alt\u0131ndaki partik\u00fcller (PM10) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrse, solunum sistemine sirayeti de o denli artar. <\/p>\n

Hava ile solunan partik\u00fcller solunum sisteminin savunma mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 bozar ve h\u00fccresel boyutta hasarlara neden olur. Nemli ve s\u0131cak akci\u011fer alveollerinde kimyasal olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp hidrolize olarak kana ge\u00e7ebilirler. B\u00f6ylece solunum sisteminin ard\u0131ndan, dola\u015f\u0131m sistemine kar\u0131\u015fan \u00e7e\u015fitli zehirli maddeler, hedef se\u00e7tikleri di\u011fer organlara kadar ula\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Solunabilir partik\u00fcler maddeler (PM10 ve PM2,5 vb.<\/strong>), do\u011fal veya insan faaliyeti k\u00f6kenli olabilir. \u0130nsan faaliyeti k\u00f6kenli kaynaklar \u00e7imento fabrikalar\u0131, termik santraller, metal end\u00fcstrileri ve in\u015faat faaliyetleri, madencilik, ta\u015f\u0131tlardan kaynaklanan tozlar, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve petrol t\u00fcrevlerinin yanmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan u\u00e7ucu k\u00fcller, tar\u0131msal aktivitelerle atmosfere kar\u0131\u015fan partik\u00fcllerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle k\u0131rsal alanlarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck konsantrasyon de\u011ferleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrken, kentsel \u00f6zellikle end\u00fcstriyel alanlarda bu de\u011ferler y\u00fcksek seviyelere \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor.\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerimiz standartlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde, PM2,5 s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011feri bile yok!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde 81 ilde hava kalitesi izleme istasyonu bulunuyor. Hatta baz\u0131 illerde istasyon say\u0131s\u0131 birden fazlad\u0131r. Ancak bu istasyonlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde ayn\u0131 kirletici parametreler \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fcyor. \u00dclkemizde partik\u00fcler maddeler (PM10 ve PM2,5), k\u00fck\u00fcrt dioksit (SO2), azot oksitler (NO, NO2, NOx), ozon (O3) ve karbon monoksit (CO) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri s\u00f6z konusuyken; \u00f6rne\u011fin hidrokarbonlar (CH4 ve N-CH4) rutin olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki mevzuat\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck eksikliklerinden biri de hava kirlili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kan partik\u00fcl madde kirlili\u011finde ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7an ve filtrelenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan PM2,5 konusudur. T\u00fcm bilinen verilere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de PM 2,5 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fer olu\u015fturulmad\u0131.<\/strong> PM2,5 i\u00e7in y\u00f6netmelik uyar\u0131nca, sadece belirli b\u00f6lgelerde pilot uygulama olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm istasyonlar\u0131 kuruldu, ancak kapsaml\u0131 bir reg\u00fclasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmedi, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlere ili\u015fkin gerekli ad\u0131mlar bakanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki illerle birlikte ger\u00e7e\u011fi kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

TMMOB \u00c7evre M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu 2017 T\u00fcrkiye Hava Kirlili\u011fi raporuna g\u00f6re 81 ilin 75\u2019inin havas\u0131 temiz de\u011fil. Sadece 6 <\/strong> il temiz havaya sahip. En kirli iller \u0130stanbul, Ankara,<\/strong> Adana, Amasya, Manisa, Bursa, Denizli, Ni\u011fde, Tekirda\u011f, Hatay, Yalova, Sivas, Kahramanmara\u015f, K\u00fctahya, Sakarya, K\u0131rklareli ve Samsun. Rapora g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul\u2019un en kirli il\u00e7esi Esenyurt, en temiz il\u00e7esi \u015eile. Esenyurt\u2019da 248 g\u00fcn kirli hava solundu\u011fu tespit edildi. Ankara\u2019da en kirli il\u00e7e ise hastaneler b\u00f6lgesi olan S\u0131hhiye.<\/p>\n

Bir g\u00f6rselle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hava kirlili\u011fini anlatmam gerekirse;
\n\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnmez katil hava kirlili\u011fi!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biraz daha verilerle konu\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m ve ger\u00e7ek tabloyu tekrar hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (WHO) 2012 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 hava kirlili\u011finden kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin az\u0131msanmayacak kadar ciddi boyutta oldu\u011funu bizlere g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. WHO 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re hem kapal\u0131 alanlardaki hem de a\u00e7\u0131k alanlardaki hava kirlili\u011fi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada 7 milyon<\/strong> ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oldu. WHO\u2019nun 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada ise d\u0131\u015f ortam hava kirlili\u011finin her y\u0131l 3,7 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Bu \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kalbin yeterince kanlanamamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 inme (fel\u00e7), %11\u2019ini kronik t\u0131kay\u0131c\u0131 akci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (KOAH), %6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 akci\u011fer kanseri ve % 3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ani alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. <\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Toraks Derne\u011fi\u2019nin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda hava kirlili\u011finden \u00f6len insan say\u0131s\u0131 29 bin<\/strong>in \u00fczerinde. Bu oran trafik kazalar\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 6 kat\u0131<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

Kirlilik yetmedi, kentlere termik santral dayatmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011fi ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nlem al\u0131nm\u0131yor, partik\u00fclleri olu\u015fturan fakt\u00f6rler \u00f6nlenmiyor, \u00fczerine Bursa ve Eski\u015fehir\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi kent i\u00e7lerine kirlili\u011fi daha da artt\u0131racak, partik\u00fcl maddelerin kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bilinen termik santraller kurulmak isteniyor. Elbetteki termik santral kurulmu\u015f olan iller ve o illerdeki hava kirlili\u011fi kalitesi aras\u0131ndaki parallelik tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fil. Termik santrallerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan baca gaz\u0131 (SO2, NOx) bir\u00e7ok \u00e7evresel problemi de beraberinde getiriyor. Bacalardan at\u0131lan k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve azot oksitler, r\u00fczgarla birlikte ortalama 2-7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde atmosfere ula\u015f\u0131yor. Atmosferdeki su partik\u00fclleri ve di\u011fer bile\u015fenlerle tepkimeye girerek s\u00fclfirik asit ve nitrik asit\u2019i olu\u015fturuyor. Atmosferde olu\u015fan bu asitler, \u00a0ya\u011fmur ve kar ile yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131yor. Kullan\u0131lan yak\u0131ta ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen oranlarda \u00e7\u0131kan gaz ve partik\u00fcl maddeler uzun zaman boyunca havada as\u0131l\u0131 kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle bron\u015fit, anfizem, damar hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda insan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine de neden oluyor. Termik santrallerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu hava kirlili\u011fi sadece havay\u0131 soluyan canl\u0131lara de\u011fil, orman ve geni\u015f tar\u0131m arazilerine de olumsuz\u00a0etkiler b\u0131rak\u0131yor. <\/p>\n

Sorumlular \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bakanl\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flard\u0131r!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131ya ba\u015flarken de s\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi hava kirlili\u011fi, ertelenemeyecek derecede \u00f6nemli bir halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kent sorunudur. Hava kirlili\u011fi sonucunu do\u011furacak olan her bir faaliyetin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, izin ve lisanslanmas\u0131ndan iktidar\u0131n bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve bakanl\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flar sorumludur. Ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 veya birbirinin ard\u0131 s\u0131ra hava kalitesi limitlerinin a\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 gerekli tedbirleri almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan valilikler bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmedi, herhangi bir \u00f6nlem almad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmedi\u011fi kirlili\u011fi artt\u0131racak kent politikalar\u0131na imza atan \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n resmi sitesinde \u00e7evreyle ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r at\u0131k hedefi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 elbette ki samimiyetsiz. \u00c7ok da ge\u00e7mi\u015fe gitmeden Kad\u0131k\u00f6y Fikirtepe\u2019 ye gidelim. Bakanl\u0131k karar\u0131yla topyek\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131lan, in\u015faat \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne d\u00f6nen Fikirtepe, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y’\u00fcn en kirli havas\u0131na sahip, bizzat Bakanl\u0131k eliyle. <\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n deprem toplanma alanlar\u0131n\u0131 yok ederek, orman\u0131n\u0131, ye\u015filini, suyunu ya\u011fmalayarak beton cennetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in KHK \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyenler, Bursa\u2019da, Eski\u015fehir\u2019de kentin i\u00e7ine termik santral yapmak isteyenler \u0130stanbul\u2019 daki ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hava kirlili\u011finin sorumlular\u0131d\u0131r. Elbetteki halk\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla oynayanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sezen \u00d6zkan \/ \u00c7evre m\u00fchendisli\u011fi \u00f6\u011frencisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287 (9): 1132-41.<\/p>\n

2. Turner MC, Krewski D, Pope CA, et al. Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184 (12): 1374-81<\/p>\n

3. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC Jr, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation 2010; 121 (21): 2331-2378.<\/p>\n

4. TMMOB \u00c7evre M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Hava Kirlili\u011fi Raporu 2017<\/p>\n

5. www.havaizleme.gov.tr<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"“T\u00fcrkiye’de y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bin insan hava kirlili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor”…\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4723,1991],"tags":[1576,3898,2272,3675,3897,3896,3895],"class_list":{"0":"post-27974","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-kent-ve-doga-yazilar","8":"category-yazilar","9":"tag-cevre-ve-sehircilik-bakanligi","10":"tag-dunya-saglik-orgutu","11":"tag-hava-kirliligi","12":"tag-kadikoy-fikirtepe","13":"tag-partikul-madde","14":"tag-pm10","15":"tag-pm2-5"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27974","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27974"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27974\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27974"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27974"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27974"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}