{"id":28182,"date":"2018-01-20T12:22:55","date_gmt":"2018-01-20T09:22:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=28182"},"modified":"2019-01-28T20:40:13","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T17:40:13","slug":"piyasa-cokuluslu-sirketlerlerde-yerel-tohum-ise-engelleniyor-orhan-saribal-birgun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/piyasa-cokuluslu-sirketlerlerde-yerel-tohum-ise-engelleniyor-orhan-saribal-birgun\/","title":{"rendered":"Piyasa \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerlerde yerel tohum ise engelleniyor – Orhan Sar\u0131bal* (BirG\u00fcn)"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0131da zincirinin ilk halkas\u0131 olan tohum, biyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturur. Kaliteli tohumun verimlili\u011fin ve \u00fcretimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, \u00fcretim maliyetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc vard\u0131r.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Kaliteli tohum verimi y\u00fczde y\u00fcz art\u0131r\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaliteli tohumlu\u011fun verimi art\u0131rmadaki pay\u0131 hububat ve baklagiller gibi kendine d\u00f6llenen bitkilerde y\u00fczde 20-30 d\u00fczeyinde, m\u0131s\u0131r ve ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi gibi yabanc\u0131 d\u00f6llenen bitkilerde ise y\u00fczde 100\u2019lerin \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n

Piyasa 41 milyar dolarl\u0131k de\u011fere sahip<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel tohum piyasas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 41 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir de\u011fere sahiptir. Ticari tohum pazar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 26\u2019l\u0131k (10,7 milyar $) paya sahip olan monsanto en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firkettir. Onu y\u00fczde 21\u2019lik (8,6 milyar $) pazar pay\u0131 ile dupont pioneer ve y\u00fczde 8 (3,3 milyar $) ile syngenta izlemektedir. Dow y\u00fczde 4 (1,6 milyar $) ve bayer ise y\u00fczde 3 (1,2 milyar $) paya sahiptirler. En b\u00fcy\u00fck yedi aras\u0131nda yer alan di\u011fer \u015firketler limagrain (y\u00fczde 5) ve kws\u2019dir (y\u00fczde 4). 2016 Y\u0131l\u0131nda alman kimya ve ila\u00e7 devi bayer, tohum ve tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcreticisi amerikan monsanto firmas\u0131n\u0131 66 milyar dolara sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Bayer\u2019in d\u00fcnya tohum piyasas\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 29\u2019a y\u00fckseldi. B\u00f6ylelikle bayer d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tohum ve tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 \u00fcreticisi haline geldi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan amerikal\u0131 kimya devleri dupont ile dow chemical 130 milyar dolar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda birle\u015fme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. Dev birle\u015fme sonucunda \u015firketin k\u00fcresel tohum piyasas\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 25\u2019e y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019de \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ili\u015fkin politikalarda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131larak, kamuya dayal\u0131 bir tohum tedarik sisteminden \u00f6zel giri\u015fime dayal\u0131 bir tohum end\u00fcstrisi modeline ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Neoliberal ekonomiye ge\u00e7ilmesi ile birlikte tohumluk d\u0131\u015f ticaretindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar kald\u0131r\u0131larak \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yerli veya yabanc\u0131 pek \u00e7ok tohumculuk \u015firketi ya do\u011frudan veya ortakl\u0131klar yoluyla sekt\u00f6re girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kamunun faaliyeti s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye tohum tedarik sistemi i\u00e7erisinde kamu tohumculuk kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bu\u011fday, arpa ve baz\u0131 yem bitkileri gibi kendine d\u00f6llenen bitkilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m faaliyeti i\u00e7erisindedir. \u00d6zel tohumculuk \u015firketleri son y\u0131llarda bu t\u00fcrlerde de pazar paylar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tohum ithalat\u0131 200 milyon dolar<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda tohum ithalat\u0131 55 milyon dolar iken 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 202 milyon dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2016 Y\u0131l\u0131 tohum ithalat de\u011ferinin en \u00f6nemli kalemini y\u00fczde 55 ile sebze tohumlar\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, bunu patates (y\u00fczde 10), hibrit m\u0131s\u0131r (y\u00fczde 9), ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi (y\u00fczde 7), yem bitkileri (y\u00fczde 5) izlemektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihracat\u0131 150 milyon dolar<\/strong><\/p>\n

2002 Y\u0131l\u0131nda 17 milyon dolar olan tohum ihracat\u0131 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 154 milyon dolara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. 2016 Y\u0131l\u0131 tohum ihracat de\u011ferinin en \u00f6nemli kalemini y\u00fczde 48 ile ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi tohumu olu\u015ftururken, bunu hibrit m\u0131s\u0131r (y\u00fczde 25), sebze tohumlar\u0131 (y\u00fczde 15) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli olan kimin \u00fcretti\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

2002 Y\u0131l\u0131nda 145 bin ton olan tohum \u00fcretimi 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 958 bin tona y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Yani son 15 y\u0131lda tohum \u00fcretimi yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 kat artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama \u00f6nemli olan tohumu kimlerin \u00fcretti\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplam 791 tohum \u015firketi bulunuyor. Bunlar\u0131n 739\u2019u yerli, 30\u2019u yabanc\u0131, 22\u2019si ise yerli ve yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131 \u015firketler. Nicelik olarak her ne kadar yerli say\u0131s\u0131 fazla g\u00f6z\u00fckse de \u00f6nemli olan \u015firketlerin niteli\u011fi. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle az say\u0131daki yabanc\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131 \u015firketin toplam pazardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 pay.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 90\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin m\u0131s\u0131r, \u015feker pancar\u0131 ve ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi tohumunda pazar paylar\u0131 y\u00fczde 90\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yor. Sebze tohumunda ise y\u00fczde 40 civar\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r tohumlu\u011fu pazar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar pay\u0131na sahip olan \u015firket pioneer (y\u00fczde 34). Onu s\u0131ras\u0131yla y\u00fczde 31\u2019lik pazar pay\u0131 ile monsanto, y\u00fczde 11\u2019lik pazar pay\u0131 ile kws izledi.<\/p>\n

\u015eirketlerinin pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ya\u011fl\u0131k ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi tohumlu\u011fu pazar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 38\u2019lik oranla en y\u00fcksek pay\u0131 limagrain ald\u0131. Limagrain\u2019i y\u00fczde 27\u2019lik pazar pay\u0131 ile pioneer ve y\u00fczde 16\u2019l\u0131k pazar pay\u0131 ile syngenta izledi.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn tohum ve fide satmas\u0131 yasak!<\/strong><\/p>\n

2006 Tarihli ve 5553 say\u0131l\u0131 tohumculuk kanunu ile \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin hakimiyetine a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00f6neme girilmi\u015ftir. Bu kanunla k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kendi tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlardan \u00fcretilen fideleri satmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f; \u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin \u00fczerinde patent koyarak tekel kurdu\u011fu hibrit tohumlara mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tohum, \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin elinde!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tohumculuk kanunu\u2019nun \u201cyetki devri\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 15 inci maddesi ile tohumluklar\u0131n \u00fcretim izni, sertifikasyonu, ticaret izni ve piyasa denetiminin t\u00fcrkiye tohumcular birli\u011fi\u2019ne (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler veya onlar\u0131n yerli ortaklar\u0131na) devredebilece\u011fi h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. Nitekim 3 nisan 2012 tarihinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan tohumculuk hizmetlerinde yetki devri y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019nin 18\/a maddesiyle piyasa denetim yetkisi birli\u011fe devredilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sadece sertifikal\u0131 tohuma destek var!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6nceki tar\u0131m bakan\u0131 faruk \u00e7elik \u201c2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren t\u00fcm tohumlar\u0131n sertifikal\u0131 hale getirilmesine ili\u015fkin karar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 2018\u2019de sertifikal\u0131 tohum kullanmayan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin destek alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d duyurdu. Ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcrkiye tohumcular birli\u011fi bu kararla \u201c\u00e7ift\u00e7inin, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve ekonominin kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u201c\u00c7ift\u00e7i\u201dden kas\u0131t end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim yapan b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmeler. \u201cTar\u0131m\u201d denilen ise bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerden olu\u015fan kendi \u00fcyeleri. \u201cEkonomi\u201d ise b\u00fcy\u00fck marketlere \u00fcr\u00fcn satan tedarik zincirleri.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7imlik tar\u0131m yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile i\u015fletmelerinin elbette bu i\u015ften bir kazanc\u0131 olmayacak. Atalar\u0131ndan kalma yerel tohumlarla yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini pazarlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler bu d\u00fczenlemeden sonra su\u00e7lu muamelesi g\u00f6recekler.<\/p>\n

Ama\u00e7 yerel tohumun yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu politika yerel tohumlar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Oysa yerel tohumlar gerek hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara diren\u00e7li olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle tar\u0131m zehirlerinin daha az kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, gerekse g\u0131da i\u00e7eriklerinin zenginli\u011fi ile b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlara sahiptirler. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi bu tohumlar kurakl\u0131\u011fa daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile i\u015fletmeleri doyuruyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyadaki toplam 570 milyon tar\u0131m i\u015fletmesinin y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu 20 dekar\u0131n alt\u0131nda topra\u011fa sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile i\u015fletmeleri olup, bunlar d\u00fcnyada g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi tohum ve fidelerini satmalar\u0131 engellenemez<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 bitki genetik kaynaklar\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 9\u2019uncu maddesinin 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin tohum veya fidelerini satmalar\u0131 engellenemez.<\/p>\n

Yerel tohumlar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131maya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar durdurulmal\u0131; sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar yerine yerel tohumlar\u0131n \u0131slah\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmeli; \u00e7ift\u00e7iler bilgi ve parasal desteklerle yerel tohum \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa ve insan dostu \u00fcretim modelleri olan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da sistemleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bizim k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe dayanan teknolojilere ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z bulunmaktad\u0131r, \u015firket biyoteknolojilerine de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

*Ziraat M\u00fchendisi\/CHP Bursa Milletvekili<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"G\u0131da zincirinin ilk halkas\u0131 olan tohum, biyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturur.…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[3230,3261],"class_list":{"0":"post-28182","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-tarim","9":"tag-tohum"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28182"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28182\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}