{"id":2879,"date":"2011-02-13T22:56:24","date_gmt":"2011-02-13T19:56:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=2879"},"modified":"2019-01-29T14:45:20","modified_gmt":"2019-01-29T11:45:20","slug":"ormanlar-kirsal-alanlar-ve-istanbul-bogazi-karayolu-kopruleri-besim-s-sertok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/ormanlar-kirsal-alanlar-ve-istanbul-bogazi-karayolu-kopruleri-besim-s-sertok\/","title":{"rendered":"Ormanlar, K\u0131rsal Alanlar ve \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 Karayolu K\u00f6pr\u00fcleri \u2013 Besim S. Sertok"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130LK K\u00d6PR\u00dc \u00d6NER\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan bu yana, her zaman do\u011fay\u0131 etkiledi, de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikici yar\u0131s\u0131nda do\u011faya egemen olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kendisinin de bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu do\u011fay\u0131 yok etmekte oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na var\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, daha \u00f6nce basit bir kirlenme sorunu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7evre sorunu, giderek artan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etik ve politik bir soruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

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Avrupa ve Asya k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131ran Bo\u011faz’dan kar\u015f\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131ya kolayca ge\u00e7ebilme fikri y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u00e7ekicili\u011fini korudu. Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re bilinen en eski Bo\u011faz ge\u00e7i\u015fi M.\u00d6. 511 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. \u0130skit seferine \u00e7\u0131kan Pers Kral\u0131 Darius’un 700 bin ki\u015filik ordusu, gemilerin yan yana getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan y\u00fczer k\u00f6pr\u00fc ile Trakya’ya ge\u00e7ti.
M\u00fchendisler, Bo\u011faz’\u0131n bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcyle ge\u00e7ilmesi konusunda zaman, zaman de\u011fi\u015fik projeler \u00fcretse de bunlar tasar\u0131 halinde kald\u0131. \u00d6rnek olarak 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nuri Demira\u011f’\u0131n giri\u015fimiyle T\u00fcrk m\u00fchendisler ve Amerikal\u0131 uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan bo\u011faz k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc projelendirilmi\u015f ve bu i\u015fe talip olunmu\u015ftur ama o zamanki iktidar taraf\u0131ndan “bo\u011faza k\u00f6pr\u00fc olmaz, y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r” diye bu teklif reddedilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n

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NE OLDU?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyetin \u0130lk Y\u0131llar\u0131
<\/strong>1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan ba\u015flayarak karayolcu politikalar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu \u00fclkemizde 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na yap\u0131lacak k\u00f6pr\u00fcler tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.
Birinci k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih olan, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcz\u201d \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131ndan y\u0131lda 5.000.000 ara\u00e7, 113.000.000 yolcu ge\u00e7erken, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131yla bo\u011faz\u0131 ge\u00e7en ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %200 artarak 14.000.000; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yolcu say\u0131s\u0131 ise %4 artarak 118.000.000 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Birinci k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce, \u0130stanbul \u00e7ok merkezli bir kent; belki de daha do\u011fru bir ifadeyle, bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul diye an\u0131lan co\u011frafyada \u0130stanbul ile \u201ckar\u015f\u0131\u201d ya da Anadolu yakas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere en az\u0131ndan iki kent bulunuyordu. Birinci k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla, \u0130stanbul\u2019un tek merkezli bir kent ya da \u201cdevasa k\u00f6y\u201d olmas\u0131n\u0131n yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Oysa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilimsel \u015fehircilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u015fehir planlama teknikleri, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen kentlerde uygar bir ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u00e7ok merkezli planlamay\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir kesinlikle dikte etmektedir. D\u00fcnyadaki \u00f6rnekler de, \u00e7ok merkezli kentlerde uygar bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, tek merkezli yerle\u015fmelerin ancak \u201cdevasa k\u00f6y\u201d olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n

1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan ba\u015flayarak karayolcu politikalar\u0131n egemen olurken, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131rsal alanlarda tar\u0131m ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda da benzeri geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fand\u0131. <\/p>\n

1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda ulus devletin yeni kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, genel olarak ya\u015fanan millile\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ormanc\u0131l\u0131ktaki yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak, 1937\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 3116 say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu ile ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u201cdevlet ormanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kanun ile ilk kez yasal orman tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve teknik anlamda orman i\u015fletmecili\u011fi de ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ormandan yararlanma (yararlanman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil) \u015fekilleri genel hukuki ko\u015fullarla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda d\u00fcnyada liberal kapitalizmin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriz sava\u015fla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca, ABD\u2019de bile k\u0131smen liberal uygulamalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kma, ekonomide devlet kontrol\u00fc e\u011filimleri artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 4785 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile t\u00fcm ormanlar devletle\u015ftirildi. 1946 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 3116 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile olu\u015fturulan orman rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 tepkiler artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ormanc\u0131l\u0131k politik bir malzeme olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu d\u00fczlemde orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ormandan yararlanma haklar\u0131na getirilen yasal k\u0131s\u0131tlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler sonucunda, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn arayla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan iki ayr\u0131 kanunla (5658 ve 5653 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar), 1945\u2019te devletle\u015ftirilen ormanlar sahiplerine geri verilirken, bir yandan da makilik alanlar orman tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

3116 say\u0131l\u0131 orman kanununun kabul edildi\u011fi 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan beri ba\u015fbakan olan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc istifa eder. Bunun ard\u0131ndan kurulan 1. Bayar h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin program\u0131nda, cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan beri \u00fclke y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirilen \u201cToprak Reformu\u201d<\/strong> kavram\u0131 ilk defa bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet program\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, bu ama\u00e7la kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in (3116\u2019n\u0131n kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc) Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 74. maddesi de de\u011fi\u015ftirilir. Ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k on y\u0131l sonra 1948\u2019de kurulan 2. Saka h\u00fck\u00fcmeti program\u0131nda ve bundan sonra \u201cToprak Reformu\u201d kavram\u0131 yerini \u201cTar\u0131m Reformu\u201d kavram\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/strong> 2. Saka h\u00fck\u00fcmeti program\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f kredi gereklili\u011fi ve ABD\u2019nin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marshall Plan\u0131\u2019ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Marshall Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, k\u0131rsal alanlar ve k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, tar\u0131m reformu \u00f6nlemleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131labilecek tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fmeyi sa\u011flamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bununla beraber Marshall Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, d\u00fcnya ticaretini te\u015fvik etmek, Amerikan pazarlar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesini sa\u011flamak ve kapitalist bir hegemonyay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan bir program oldu\u011fu da bilinmektedir. Yine 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD taraf\u0131ndan, SSCB\u2019nin n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla kurgulanan, Truman Doktrini do\u011frultusunda, Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye toplam 400 milyon dolar askeri yard\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada \u201cToprak Reformu\u201d kavram\u0131 ile \u201cTar\u0131m Reformu\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki temel fark\u0131 vurgulamakta yarar var. \u00d6zellikle (1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019si gibi) sanayile\u015fmemi\u015f toplumlarda, toprak zenginli\u011fi, ekonomik ve siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturur ve toprak m\u00fclkiyet sistemi, toplumdaki sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ifade eden toprak reformu, geni\u015f m\u00fclklerin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyenler aras\u0131nda topra\u011f\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyetin geleneksel bi\u00e7imlerini topra\u011f\u0131 ekenlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi i\u00e7erir. K\u0131saca, toprak m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131nda topraks\u0131z \u00e7ift\u00e7i lehine bir de\u011fi\u015fimi gerektiren \u201cToprak Reformu\u201d kavram\u0131, geni\u015f toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131larak, elde edilen topra\u011f\u0131n topraks\u0131z ve\/veya az toprakl\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. <\/p>\n

Bu siyasi karar\u0131n uygulan\u0131p uygulanamamas\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin faaliyeti bask\u0131n gelmi\u015ftir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 FAO ve ILO taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen tar\u0131m reformu, m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n, tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin d\u00fczenlenmesi ve \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fmeyi, kredi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131, pazarlama, sulama vb. konularda altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. <\/p>\n

1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan Amerika ile yak\u0131nla\u015fma ormanc\u0131l\u0131k kesimine de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f, \u201cteknik yard\u0131m\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yaln\u0131zca ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u00fcst d\u00fczey 12 yabanc\u0131 uzman gelmi\u015f 350 ormanc\u0131 teknik eleman \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelere \u201cbilgi ve g\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmak \u00fczere\u201d g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Bu giri\u015fimlerle, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak varolan\/haz\u0131r do\u011fal orman servetinin (odun hammaddesinin) d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na sunumu planlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu giri\u015fimlerin as\u0131l meyvelerinin \u201cd\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 projeler\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda toplanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren bir\u00e7ok alanda oldu\u011fu gibi ormanc\u0131 teknik elemanlar\u0131nda yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gitmeleri, elbette bilgi ve deneyim kazanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak burada tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan; bu teknik elemanlar\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve s\u00fcbjektif iyiniyetleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, projelerin ama\u00e7lar\u0131, kapsamlar\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan, zeytincilik, \u00e7ay ve maki kanunlar\u0131 hukuki ve fiili orman s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daralt\u0131rken, toprak reformu hayata ge\u00e7irilememi\u015f ve tar\u0131m reformu haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Toprak reformunun tar\u0131m reformu haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle de, ormandan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan alanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri, kereste t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, m\u00fcteahhitler ve \u015firketler di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle sermayenin (ve sermayedarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri) eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan ba\u015flayarak orman k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin, s\u0131n\u0131rlanan ormandan yararlanma olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, genel olarak da tar\u0131m reformu uygulamalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak makinele\u015fme ve verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucu; makinele\u015fme ve di\u011fer verim art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 te\u015fviklerden yararlanamayan topraks\u0131z \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ve m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahipleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7meyi bir \u00e7are (\u00e7aresizli\u011fin \u00e7aresi) olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n

8 Eyl\u00fcl 1956\u2019da yeni bir temel yasa olan ve bug\u00fcn de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan 6831 say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. Bu yasa ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 pek \u00e7ok \u201cpolitik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u201d olana\u011f\u0131 elde ederken; eski orman sahipleri, kereste t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, g\u00f6zleri hala kamu arazilerinde olan toprak a\u011falar\u0131, k\u0131y\u0131 ya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131 hep g\u00f6zetilmi\u015ftir. Yeni yasan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle ilk iki y\u0131lda (1957-58) yakla\u015f\u0131k 100.000 hektar, takibeden \u201cMilli Birlik H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u201d d\u00f6neminin ilk iki y\u0131l\u0131nda da (1960-61) yakla\u015f\u0131k 200.000 hektar alan maki, zeytinlik vb. gerek\u00e7elerle orman d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6831\u2019in orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu iddia edilen maddelerinin uygulamas\u0131nda ise da\u011f fare do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

27 May\u0131s 1960\u2019ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen askeri darbe sonras\u0131nda; planl\u0131 d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7ilmesiyle birlikte, o g\u00fcne kadar uygulanan \u201ctar\u0131msal kalk\u0131nma\u201d politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131, \u201ck\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma\u201d politikalar\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. 1960\u2019lardan itibaren, o tarihe kadar ormanca fakir bir \u00fclke olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201corman zenginli\u011fi\u201d ba\u015fta FAO ve D\u00fcnya bankas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u201cbat\u0131n\u0131n\u201d dikkatini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece orman \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine dayal\u0131 kitle \u00fcretimi yap\u0131labilecek, kaba ve emek yo\u011fun bir alan olan, orman \u00fcr\u00fcnleri end\u00fcstrisi alan\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 projeler olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu projelerle kitlesel \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu uygulama ormanda teknik olarak bir\u00e7ok yaralar a\u00e7arken, bir yandan da, o y\u0131llarda \u0130.\u00dc. Orman Fak\u00fcltesinin uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ormanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ma g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kapsamda 1960-80 aras\u0131 5 proje uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bu g\u00fcne kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 proje uygulanm\u0131\u015f, 10 proje de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir). <\/p>\n

Bu projelerle odun k\u00f6kenli orman \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretiminin \u00f6nce 20 milyon m3\u2019e ve zamanla artarak 2020\u2019de 50 milyon m3\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu do\u011frultuda 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda 23 milyon m3 \u00fcretim yap\u0131ld\u0131. Oysa o tarihte, T\u00fcrkiye ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n verim g\u00fcc\u00fc ger\u00e7ekte 16 milyon m3 civar\u0131nda idi. Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7evrelerinde \u201cAntalya Projesi\u201d diye bilinen D\u00fcnya bankas\u0131 projesiyle, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7am ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n idare s\u00fcresi 20 y\u0131l k\u0131salt\u0131larak, 20 y\u0131lda kesilebilecek a\u011fa\u00e7 miktar\u0131n\u0131n bir ya da birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda kesilmesinin \u201cprojesi\u201d hayata ge\u00e7irildi. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye ormanlar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan odun hammaddesi \u00fcretimi 10 milyon m3\u2019lere kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n

Planl\u0131 d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7ilmesiyle kullan\u0131lan k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131n yerine 1968-72 y\u0131llar\u0131n kapsayan II. Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 ile \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplum birimlerinde te\u015febb\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmesi\u201d kavram\u0131 ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplum birimlerinde \u201cgiri\u015fimcili\u011fi\u201d destekleyen politikalar uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede h\u00fck\u00fcmet programlar\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn arazi sat\u0131n almas\u0131 i\u00e7in kredilendirilmesinden s\u00f6z edilir oldu. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da, kalk\u0131nma planlar\u0131nda yeri bulunmayan ama uygulamaya ge\u00e7irilen D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, vb. d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma\u201d projeleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. <\/p>\n

K\u0131rsal alanlarda, do\u011fal – yaban\u0131l alanlarda ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda bu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131rken, \u00fclkede di\u011fer alanlarda ne oldu?<\/p>\n

ABD (Marshall) yard\u0131mlar\u0131, yine ABD\u2019li uzmanlar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. O g\u00fcne kadar sanayile\u015fmenin g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131lan demiryollar\u0131ndan ve verimsiz say\u0131lan sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilerek, kamu kaynaklar\u0131 karayollar\u0131 ve di\u011fer altyap\u0131 hizmetlerine y\u00f6nlendirildi. Karayollar\u0131, yine ABD\u2019den sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ta\u015f\u0131tlarla \u201ck\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn\u201d kente \u2013 pazara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/strong> Tar\u0131ma trakt\u00f6r\u00fcn girmesi ve hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u00f6ylerde g\u00f6rece bir zenginle\u015fme ve genel bir refah art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Bu genel refah art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesim toplumun geri kalan\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015farak h\u0131zla zenginle\u015fti. Bu kesim, belli bir zenginle\u015fmeden sonra, \u00f6nce sanayi sonra bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne y\u00f6neldiler. 1963\u2019ten sonra da holdingler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. <\/p>\n

1950\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi ve uluslar aras\u0131 alandaki geli\u015fmeler sonucu ekonomideki b\u00fcy\u00fcme durdu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan askeri ara\u00e7 gerecin onar\u0131lmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, al\u0131nan makine ve trakt\u00f6rlerin yedek par\u00e7alar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ABD\u2019ye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 duruma gelen T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi, bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6deme zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde krize girdi. Ekonomik krize, siyasal kriz e\u015flik etti, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin (Demokrat Parti)despotik uygulamalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan 27 May\u0131s 1960 askeri darbesi geldi.<\/p>\n

50\u2019li y\u0131llarda uygulanan politikalar hem sanayiye yat\u0131r\u0131m yapabilecek bir \u00f6zel kesimi, hem de n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fme sonucunda k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc (i\u015fsiz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bununla birlikte kentlere h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7, kent topra\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca ekonomik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek (toplumsal ve do\u011fal \u00e7evre d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeden) te\u015fvik edilen sanayi, \u201coptimal\u201d olarak \u00fc\u00e7 \u2013 be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck kentte topland\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme sanayinin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kentlerde arsa (kent topra\u011f\u0131) k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azd\u0131rd\u0131. Kentlerdeki arsa k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan spek\u00fclatif kazan\u00e7, sermayedarlar i\u00e7in sanayiye yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmaktan daha karl\u0131 hale gelince, b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde kamusal arazilerin (yak\u0131nlardaki ormanlar, meralar vb. do\u011fal ve yaban\u0131l alanlar) gasp edilmesi h\u0131zland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, kentlerde rantiyeci ve arsa spek\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fc bir toplumsal katman gittik\u00e7e palazland\u0131. Bu rantiyeci, arsa spek\u00fclat\u00f6rleri her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kamu arazisi gibi orman alanlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u015fgal ederek, k\u0131rsaldan g\u00f6\u00e7en i\u015fsiz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne gecekondu arazisi olarak \u201cuygun fiyatlarla\u201d pazarlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131na yap\u0131lacak bir \u201casma k\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201d hep tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Gazete ar\u015fivleri bu s\u00fcreci ortaya koyuyor. 1950 \u2013 60 aras\u0131 neredeyse her ay gazetelerde bir \u201cAsma K\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201d haberi var. Bunlardan birka\u00e7\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi:<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a024.01.1951<\/strong> Milliyet, \u201cYol Siyasetimizde Yeni Bir Hamle. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik Komisyonu \u0130le 4646 Km.lik Bir Yol Anla\u015fmas\u0131 Yapt\u0131k. Bo\u011fazda Bir Asma K\u00f6pr\u00fc \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 da Et\u00fct Ediliyor.\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a026 10 1955<\/strong> Milliyet \u201cAsma K\u00f6pr\u00fc \u0130\u00e7in Proje Haz\u0131rlan\u0131yor\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a026 12 1959<\/strong> Milliyet \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019ne Asma K\u00f6pr\u00fc Kurulacak\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a026.05.1960<\/strong> Milliyet \u201cBO\u011eAZ K\u00d6PR\u00dcS\u00dcN\u00dcN \u0130HALE HAZIRLIKLARI AY SONUNDA B\u0130T\u0130YOR. \u0130stanbul, Ortakoy Beylerbeyi Aras\u0131nda \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u00abBo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u00bb n\u00fcn \u0130hale \u0130\u015fleri Haziran Ay\u0131 Sonunda Bitmi\u015f Olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

24.01.1951 tarihli gazete man\u015feti, 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan karayolcu politikalar s\u00f6ylemini teyit ediyor. <\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin Demokrat Parti’li \u201cBa\u015fvekili\u201d Adnan Menderes 25 May\u0131s 1960’da bir \u0130ngiliz m\u00fc\u015favirlik firmas\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzal\u0131yor. Durum yukar\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, 26 May\u0131s 1960 tarihli gazete man\u015fetlerine yans\u0131yor. Bu tarihte ilk kez \u201casma k\u00f6pr\u00fc \u201c yerine, \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ismi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Fakat bilindi\u011fi gibi ertesi g\u00fcn yap\u0131lan askeri darbe sonucu proje be\u015f, alt\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na rafa kalk\u0131yor. <\/p>\n

Gazete man\u015fetlerinde, 50\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve k\u0131rsal alan politikalar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan ba\u015fka ba\u015fl\u0131klar da var:<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a007.10.1954 Milliyet,<\/strong> \u201c6 Sene Sonra Mecidiyek\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden Metroya Binen Bir \u0130nsan 23 Dakikada Yenikap\u0131\u2019ya Varacak\u201d (6 sene de\u011fil 56 sene ge\u00e7ti Yenikap\u0131\u2019ya varamad\u0131k)<\/strong>
\uf0a7\u00a025.12.1957 Milliyet,<\/strong> \u201cYedi Senedir Bir T\u00fcrl\u00fc Tamamlanmayan \u00c7emi\u015fgezek K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc. 1950\u2019de \u0130hale Edilen ve \u015eimdiye Kadar Sadece \u0130ki Aya\u011f\u0131 Yap\u0131lan K\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130\u015fini H\u00e2l\u00e2 Emektar Sal G\u00f6r\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u0131llarda, bas\u0131na yans\u0131mas\u0131 zay\u0131f da olsa, \u201casma k\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201dn\u00fcn \u00fclkede ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da yarataca\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiler de dile getirilmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Do\u011fald\u0131r ki, gazetelerde bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131k arsa ilanlar\u0131 da yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor. O d\u00f6nemin emlakc\u0131lar\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc; verdikleri ilanlarda, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda bo\u011faz manzaral\u0131 \u201carsa kapat\u0131n\u201d diyorlar, arsa kapatmak isteyenler \u0130stanbul\u2019da de\u011fillerse, telgraf ve mektupla da \u201carsa kapatma\u201d imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunuyorlar. <\/p>\n

Planl\u0131 D\u00f6nem<\/strong>
27 May\u0131s 1960 tarihinde yap\u0131lan darbe ile Anayasa de\u011fi\u015ftiriliyor. Bu d\u00f6nemde, yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi; toprak reformu politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en, tar\u0131msal kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 da k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201corman zenginli\u011fi\u201d\u00a0 \u201cbat\u0131n\u0131n\u201d dikkatini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu do\u011frultuda d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 projeler olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. K\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131n yerine de \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplum birimlerinde te\u015febb\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmesi\u201d kavram\u0131 uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131, te\u015febb\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fc geli\u015ftirilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesim, toplumun geri kalan\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015farak h\u0131zla zenginle\u015fti, holdingler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131,\u00a0 kentlere h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7, kent topra\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131, b\u00f6ylece, kentlerde rantiyeci ve arsa spek\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fc bir toplumsal katman gittik\u00e7e palazland\u0131. <\/p>\n

60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yeniden g\u00fcndeme geldi. Ancak bu defa olumsuz etkileri dile getirenlerin sesi daha g\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Olumsuz etkileri dile getirenler, alternatif de g\u00f6steriyor, hatta uyguluyorlard\u0131: BO\u011eAZ\u2019A DE\u011e\u0130L ZAP\u2019A K\u00d6PR\u00dc!<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a018.05.1967<\/strong> Milliyet \u201c\u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 BE\u015e YILLIK PLAN A\u00c7IKLANDI. Pl\u00e2nda televizyon ve Bo\u011faz asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcyle<\/strong> birlikte 10 b\u00fcy\u00fck proje yer al\u0131yor.\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a003.04.1968<\/strong> Milliyet \u201c1968 T\u00fcrkiye’sinde Hakk\u00e2ri’ye has k\u00f6pr\u00fc. \u0130stanbullu vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in milyarlar harcanarak asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131l\u0131rken, Hakk\u00e2ri\u2019de vatanda\u015f karda k\u0131\u015fta bu tele tutunarak Zap Suyu’nu ge\u00e7ebiliyor.\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a017.06.1969<\/strong> Milliyet \u201c\u00dcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011finin Hakk\u00e2ri’de Zap Suyu \u00fczerine in\u015fa edece\u011fi asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc i\u00e7in kampanya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a010.07.1969<\/strong> Milliyet \u201cGEN\u00c7LER BUG\u00dcN YOLA \u00c7IKIYOR \u0130LK KAMYON YOLA CIKTI Zap K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc in\u015faat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak malzemeyi ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk kamyon d\u00fcn sabah \u0130stanbul’dan yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d
\uf0a7\u00a015.09.1969<\/strong> Milliyet, Kampanya ba\u015far\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve Zap Suyu \u00fczerindeki asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc hizmete girmi\u015ftir.
\uf0a7\u00a003.12.1969<\/strong> Milliyet \u00abT\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc gerek ihaleye \u00e7\u0131karanlarca, gerekse ihaleye talip olanlar\u0131n bir ticar\u00ee firma gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir<\/strong>\u00bb Mimarlar Odas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Demirta\u015f Ceyhun.
\uf0a7\u00a017.12.1969<\/strong> Bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Turgut G\u00fclez, d\u00fcnk\u00fc bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc projesini \u00aben uygun ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyat\u0131\u00bb veren Alman, \u0130ngiliz Hochtief Cleveland firmas\u0131n\u0131n kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\uf0a7\u00a016.02.1970<\/strong> Milliyet Asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc temeli 20 \u015eubat’ta at\u0131l\u0131yor. Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli 20 \u015eubat cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc Beylerbeyi Saray\u0131 ile Deniz Astsubay Okulu aras\u0131nda at\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

12 Mart 1971\u2019de ordunun h\u00fck\u00fcmete bir uyar\u0131 mektubu vermesi \u00fczerine h\u00fck\u00fcmet (Adalet Partisi, S. Demirel) istifa etti. Nihat Erim ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurulan yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmette yer almalar\u0131 i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan eski planc\u0131lardan Atilla Karaosmano\u011flu ile NATO Genel Sekreterinin Birinci Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Osman Olcay yurda \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Atilla Karaosmano\u011flu, yurda gelir gelmez Devlet Bakan\u0131 ve Ba\u015fbakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak kabinedeki yerini ald\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, \u0130srail\u2019in \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkonsolosunun \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bahane edilerek; \u00f6nde gelen sendikac\u0131, ayd\u0131n ve bilim insanlar\u0131 tutuklanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Anayasa ve yasalarda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirildi. \u201c12 Mart d\u00f6nemi\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fclke, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, bu uygulamalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u201cpartiler \u00fcst\u00fc\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle y\u00f6netildi. 6 May\u0131s 1972\u2019de Zap\u2019a k\u00f6pr\u00fc yapanlar idam edildi. \u0130dam edilenlerle birlikte hareket eden bir\u00e7ok insan bask\u0131n ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclerek ya da tutuklanarak etkisizle\u015ftirildi. <\/p>\n

\u0130damlardan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce temeli at\u0131lan \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d, idamlardan bir bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l sonra, Cumhuriyetin 50. y\u0131l\u0131 t\u00f6renleriyle birlikte 29 Ekim 1973\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131:<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a006.05.1972<\/strong> Milliyet Deniz Gezmi\u015f, Yusuf Aslan ve H\u00fcseyin inan \u0130dam edildi.
\uf0a7\u00a031.10.1973<\/strong> Milliyet Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en uzun asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc olan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc-\u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l gibi gayet k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7inde bitirildi. Bu k\u00f6pr\u00fc, te\u015febb\u00fcs ve ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n, her zaman ya\u015fayan bir abidesi olarak kalacakt\u0131r.(Y\u00fcklenici firman\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan)
\uf0a7\u00a015.04.1974<\/strong> Milliyet Zap Suyu K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan y\u0131k\u0131lmaya y\u00fcz tuttu.<\/p>\n

12 Mart d\u00f6neminde 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet programlar\u0131nda yer alan, k\u00f6yl\u00fcye kamu arazilerinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamada k\u0131smen de olsa yer buldu. Yani k\u00f6yl\u00fcye, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin arazileri de\u011fil, hazine m\u00fclkiyetindeki do\u011fal ve yaban\u0131l alanlar (ormandan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan alanlar, kurutulan sulak alanlar vb.), tar\u0131m yapmak \u00fczere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, k\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7le birlikte, K\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131ndaki arazi sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerdeki arazi k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt ay \u00f6nce gazetelerin arka sayfalar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir haber yay\u0131nland\u0131. <\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a021.06.1973<\/strong> Milliyet, (SAYFA 9) – \u201cORMAN KANUNUNU DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130REN TASARI KES\u0130NLE\u015eT\u0130.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gazetelerin arka sayfalar\u0131nda yer alan bu kanun de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ba\u015fta \u00fclke ormanlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, orman \u2013 halk ili\u015fkileri ile t\u00fcm do\u011fal ve yaban\u0131l alanlar\u0131n k\u0131rk y\u0131ld\u0131r kangren olmu\u015f yaras\u0131 olan \u201c2\/B KANUNU\u201d\u00a0 idi. Bu kanun, 17.04.1970 tarih ve 1255 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunla 1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin uygulanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kanun 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kapsam\u0131 15.10.1961 g\u00fcn\u00fcnden \u00f6nce \u201cbilim ve fen bak\u0131m\u0131ndan orman niteli\u011fini tam olarak kaybetmi\u015f\u201d yerleri kaps\u0131yordu. 1744 say\u0131l\u0131 bu yasan\u0131n 2. maddesinde orman d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlardan tapulu olanlar sahiplerine b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Orman s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her d\u00fczenleme, orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcnden gelen ve toprak talebi i\u00e7eren toplumsal bask\u0131ya dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc, ge\u00e7imini ormanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flerinden sa\u011flar ve orman topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131ma uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc bilir. Orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ormandan toprak talebi genel olarak ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmaz. Ayr\u0131ca, orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn turizm ve end\u00fcstriyel yat\u0131r\u0131m yapacak ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc de yoktur. Bu durumda, orman s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131, ormanlar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ucuz hatta bedelsiz arazi kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren \u201cm\u00fcte\u015febbis\u201d sermaye \u00e7evrelerinden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan k\u0131sa s\u00fcren 12 Mart d\u00f6neminde, y\u00f6netimde \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 \u201cpartiler \u00fcst\u00fc\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmet bulundu. Tar\u0131m ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kta de\u011fi\u015fik hedefler ortaya kondu. Bu alanda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan reform iddias\u0131ndaki yasalar, daha sonra Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nce iptal edildi. T\u00fcrkiye, Se\u00e7imlerin ard\u0131ndan Ocak 1974\u2019te kurulan CHP \u2013 MSP koalisyonu ile birlikte, 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019e kadar, toplam yedi h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u201cMilliyet\u00e7i Cephe\u201d (MC) h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin belirleyici oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde, k\u0131rsal alan ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k politikalar\u0131n\u0131 da, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 projeleri belirledi. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma projeleri; genel olarak tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, pazarlama, ticaret, stoklama, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, kredi, altyap\u0131, sosyal hizmetler ve e\u011flence sekt\u00f6rlerini de, b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma projelerinde yer verilmesi gereken hususlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k 70\u2019li y\u0131llar d\u00f6neminde, 10 farkl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet nedeniyle genelde ya\u015fanan istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, tar\u0131m ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu y\u0131llarda istikrarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen neredeyse tek politika; \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na k\u00f6pr\u00fc yapma politikas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Zap Suyu K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn temsil etti\u011fi k\u0131rsal alanlar, Zap Suyu K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc gibi bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan y\u0131k\u0131lmaya y\u00fcz tuttu. Bunu artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131t trafi\u011fi ve tetikledi\u011fi \u0130stanbul\u2019un kuzeye yay\u0131lma bask\u0131s\u0131, 50\u2019li y\u0131llardan beri vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a020.09.1977<\/strong> Milliyet, Demirel:\u00ab2.Bo\u011faz k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli may\u0131sta at\u0131lacak\u00bb
\uf0a7\u00a023.09.1977<\/strong> Milliyet, 2.Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 3.b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc olacak. Arnavutk\u00f6y Vanik\u00f6y aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilecek 2. k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131 bittikten sonra 1. k\u00f6pr\u00fc daha \u00e7ok \u0130stanbul\u2019un ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131na tahsis edilecek. 2. k\u00f6pr\u00fc ise kentleraras\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131mda kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n

1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonu 80\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnya\u2019da belirleyici hale gelmeye ba\u015flayan neoliberal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (DB) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131. 12 Kas\u0131m 1979\u2019da kurulan 3. MC H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Demirel, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k ve DPT m\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, DB\u2019nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, Madeni E\u015fya Sanayicileri Sendikas\u0131 (MESS) s\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan Turgut \u00d6zal\u2019\u0131 atad\u0131. \u00d6zal\u2019\u0131n IMF ve DB ile dan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cistikrar Program\u0131\u201d 24 Ocak 1980\u2019de uygulamaya konuldu. 24 Ocak kararlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 toplumsal tepki \u0130zmir gibi kentlerde barikat sava\u015flar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Siyasal kriz, 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 askeri y\u00f6netimi ile \u201csonland\u0131\u201d. B\u00fclent Ulusu ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurulan \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmette\u201d Turgut \u00d6zal ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi ve 24 Ocak kararlar\u0131 daha sert bi\u00e7imde uygulamaya devam edildi. 6 Kas\u0131m 1983 tarihinde yap\u0131lan g\u00f6stermelik se\u00e7imi Turgut \u00d6zal\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu ANAP kazand\u0131. Ba\u015fbakan \u00d6zal, 12 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn \u015fiddet y\u00f6ntemleri deste\u011finde 24 Ocak kararlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na a\u00e7t\u0131. <\/p>\n

80 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde koruyucu ve d\u00fczenleyici devlet tavr\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ferek tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminde piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kim olaca\u011f\u0131 bir politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi IMF ve DB programlar\u0131yla ba\u015flay\u0131p 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda D\u00fcny\u00fc Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DT\u00d6) normlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla devam etti. K\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netimiyle ilgili y\u0131llard\u0131r uygulanan politikalar, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc uygulanamayan \u201ctoprak reformunun\u201d art\u0131k s\u00f6z\u00fc bile edilmez hale gelmesi, 12 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn \u015fiddetiyle birle\u015fince, feodal yap\u0131n\u0131n hala bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu K\u00fcrt illerinde, bu fakt\u00f6rleri etnik arg\u00fcmanlarla da birle\u015ftirerek g\u00fc\u00e7lenen PKK\u2019yi, \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli bir siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fc haline getirdi. Di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlerle birlikte bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan sava\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc adeta bir sele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n

12 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019le birlikte de\u011fi\u015fen Anayasa\u2019da ormanc\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler de Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ruhuna ve 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131\u2019na uygun olarak de\u011fi\u015fti. Bu anayasada 2 \/ B ile orman d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak alanlar\u0131n, orman niteli\u011fini kaybet(iril)me tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, 15.10.1961\u2019den 31.12.1981\u2019e al\u0131nd\u0131. 6831 say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu\u2019nun 2. maddesi de anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe paralel olarak, 23.09.1983 tarihli 2896 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. 2\/B uygulamas\u0131 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ise de, 1983\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan bu kanun ile 6831 say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu\u2019nun 2.<\/strong> maddesinin B<\/strong> bendinde ifade buldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201c2 \/ B\u201d<\/strong> ismini bu tarihte alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 3302 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile de 2\/B uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n, ormanlar \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisini felaket haline getirecek bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, 2\/B olarak ayr\u0131lacak alanlar\u0131n \u201csu ve toprak rejimine zarar vermeyen, orman b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozmayan\u201d alanlar olmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n

\u00dclkede bu krizler, k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fan\u0131rken, yine de\u011fi\u015fmeyen tek \u015fey \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na k\u00f6pr\u00fc yapma politikas\u0131yd\u0131:<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a008.08.1983,<\/strong> Milliyet, Maliye Bakan\u0131 Kafao\u011flu:\u00ab\u0130kinci Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve Metro projeleri birle\u015ftiriliyor\u00bb Maliye Bakan\u0131, AET\u2019ye yap\u0131lan \u0130hracat\u0131n tahminlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu da s\u00f6yledi.
\uf0a7\u00a004.10.1984,<\/strong> Milliyet, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bir de\u011fil, daha iki k\u00f6pr\u00fcye ihtiyac\u0131 var. \u0130lk k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc yapan \u0130ngiliz firmas\u0131, gerekli fonun y\u00fczde y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc biz sa\u011flayabiliriz. (\u0130kincisi yap\u0131lmadan, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.)
<\/font>\uf0a7\u00a017.04.1985,<\/strong> Milliyet, K\u00f6pr\u00fc i\u00e7in 9 firma grubu teklif verdi 2.k\u00f6pr\u00fc i\u00e7in teklifler, bug\u00fcn saat 10.00’dan itibaren de\u011ferlendirilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131yor.
\uf0a7\u00a029.05.1985,<\/strong> Milliyet, (\u0130lan ) Temeli bug\u00fcn at\u0131lacak olan Fatih Sultan Mehmet K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve K\u0131nal\u0131 Sakarya Otoyolu’nun yap\u0131m\u0131 STFA’n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Konsorsiyum taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir. STFA, bu onurlu g\u00f6revi y\u00fcklenmenin k\u0131vanc\u0131 i\u00e7indedir.
\uf0a7\u00a006.07.1985,<\/strong> Milliyet, Hisar\u00fcst\u00fc, has\u0131ralt\u0131 oldu. Bu yalanc\u0131 d\u00fcnyada insan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sokaca\u011f\u0131 ev konusu herkes i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir dert. \u0130stanbul\u2019da Hisar\u00fcst\u00fc gecekondu b\u00f6lgesinde oturan 730 aile bug\u00fcnlerde dertlerini anlatacak kimse bulam\u0131yor.
\uf0a7\u00a005.01.1988,<\/strong> Milliyet, 3.k\u00f6pr\u00fc 500 metre daha g\u00fcneye \u00e7ekildi. \u0130STANBUL’un trafik sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmesi amac\u0131yla in\u015fa edilecek 3.Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn yeri de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. S\u0130T alan\u0131 ilan edilen…
\uf0a7\u00a012.02.1988,<\/strong> Milliyet, 3.k\u00f6pr\u00fc pazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7y\u00fcz\u00fc. \u0130halede \u0130ngiliz oyunu 2.K\u00f6pr\u00fc ihalesini Japonlara kapt\u0131ran \u0130ngiliz Trafalgar House grubunun, Japon \u015firketi ile ihaleye girmemesi i\u00e7in anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenildi.
\uf0a7\u00a03 Temmuz 1988’de<\/strong> 2. k\u00f6pr\u00fc (FSM) zaman\u0131n ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Turgut \u00d6zal taraf\u0131ndan hizmete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.
\uf0a7\u00a015.09.1989,<\/strong> Milliyet, Elmal\u0131 Baraj\u0131nda orman katliam\u0131. <\/p>\n

Yine \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na yap\u0131lan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn in\u015faat\u0131 s\u00fcrerken, 2\/B kanununda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde gazetelerde, ba\u011flant\u0131 yollar\u0131ndaki orman katliam\u0131 haberleri yer al\u0131yor. Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda IMF ve DB programlar\u0131yla tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminde piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kim olaca\u011f\u0131 bir politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NE OLUYOR?<\/strong><\/p>\n


\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

80\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren azgeli\u015fmi\u015f\/geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde, k\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netimi ve k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ve \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketler belirleyiciliklerini artt\u0131rd\u0131lar. Uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ko\u015fullu krediler ve birli\u011fe \u00fcye olman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile politikalar\u0131 belirlediler. \u00c7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin etkileri, faaliyette bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkeleri tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (tohum, g\u00fcbre, zirai ila\u00e7 vb.) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kendilerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lmalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar politikalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle rekabete dayanamayan yerli \u00fcretim plantasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kapanmas\u0131 sonucu insanlar\u0131n i\u015fsiz kalmalar\u0131, bu \u015firketlerin ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklardan yararlanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni d\u00f6nemde y\u00f6neten ve y\u00f6netilenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen ve y\u00f6netime g\u00f6re daha demokratik oldu\u011fu iddia edilen \u201cy\u00f6neti\u015fim\u201d kavram\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Bu kavram\u0131n olu\u015fturucular\u0131na g\u00f6re, iktidar; \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ve STK\u2019larla payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131\u201d bir modeldir. Kat\u0131l\u0131m ilkesi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak sanki y\u00f6neten halkm\u0131\u015f gibi bir izlenim verilmek istenmekte ve b\u00f6ylece STK\u2019lar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 projeler i\u00e7in politikay\u0131 belirleyen ve uygulama kredisini verenin uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar oldu\u011fu ve bu kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde hareket edebilen bir \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131m\u201d\u0131n demokratik olamayaca\u011f\u0131 gizlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong> Y\u00f6neti\u015fim yaln\u0131zca teknik bir i\u015f de\u011fil, iktidar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir gere\u011fi olarak, kamu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, vatanda\u015fl\u0131k, gibi unsurlar\u0131n \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r lehine piyasa i\u00e7in anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesini, bu kavramlar\u0131n yerini piyasa ve m\u00fc\u015fterinin almas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/strong> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla y\u00f6neti\u015fimin, sadece \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ve toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmeyen STK\u2019lardan olu\u015fan bir y\u00f6netme tarz\u0131 olarak, iddia edildi\u011fi gibi kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ve demokratik bir y\u00f6ntem olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Buna paralel olarak toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden sendikalar\u0131n ve di\u011fer Demokratik Kitle \u00d6rg\u00fctlerinin (DK\u00d6) hantal birer demokratik kuruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin iflas etti\u011fi, ama bireysel \u00e7abalarla kurtulu\u015fun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131larak DK\u00d6\u2019lerin yerini STK\u2019lar\u0131n almas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 (bu \u00e7aban\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenemez). Y\u00f6neti\u015fim kavram\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturucular\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak da; DK\u00d6 kimli\u011finden s\u0131yr\u0131larak, STK\u2019la\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kimi ormanc\u0131l\u0131k meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, orman k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin kooperatif \u00f6rg\u00fctleri bile i\u015flevlerini orman rant\u0131ndan alabildi\u011fince fazla pay kapma m\u00fccadelesine indirgeyebilmi\u015f, \u00fcyelerini sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe, grevli toplus\u00f6zle\u015fmeli sendikal haklara kavu\u015fturma m\u00fccadelesini, g\u00fcndemlerinden \u00e7\u0131karabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda, daha 2. k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli at\u0131lmadan 3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; k\u0131rsal alanlarda uygulanan politikalara bir de sava\u015f\u0131n etkisi eklenince, k\u0131rsal alandan b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlere ya\u015fanan \u201cinsan seli\u201d \u0130stanbul\u2019un bir\u00e7ok sorunu gibi, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha da i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz hale getirdi. T\u00fcrkiye g\u0131da \u00fcretimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, kendine yeten 7 \u00fclkeden biri iken, 80\u2019lerden itibaren, ba\u015fta bu\u011fday olmak \u00fczere, g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sat\u0131n alan bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye,\u00a0 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en pahal\u0131 etinin t\u00fcketildi\u011fi \u00fclke oldu.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeci uygulamalarla, \u201cdevlet orman\u0131\u201d say\u0131lan alanlardan ormanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ama\u00e7larla, \u00f6zel ki\u015fi ve kurumlar\u0131n yararlanmas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 giderek geni\u015fletildi. Turizmi Te\u015fvik Kanunu\u2019yla turizm alan ve merkezi ilan edilen yerlerdeki hazine arazileri ve ormanlar turizm yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na tahsis edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu olanaklar\u0131n kullanma bi\u00e7imi ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130stanbul \u00e7evresindeki ormanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n vak\u0131f \u00fcniversitelerine tahsis edilen ormanlarla, Ege ve Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki ormanlardaki turizm tesislerinde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6zel ormanlarda yap\u0131la\u015fmaya izin veren yasal d\u00fczenlemeler de bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131ld\u0131 (alan\u0131n %6\u2019s\u0131na kadar izin veren bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfetti\u015f raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, %96 olarak uyguland\u0131). Bu izne ra\u011fmen \u0130stanbul\u2019daki k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin ba\u011flant\u0131 yollar\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zel ormanlarda kayda de\u011fer bir yap\u0131la\u015fma ya\u015fanmad\u0131. Maden Kanunu ve madencilikle ilgili di\u011fer mevzuat ile ormanc\u0131l\u0131k mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle orman alanlar\u0131nda ormanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir faaliyet konusunun daha kapsam\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn geni\u015fletilirken, \u00f6zellikle baz\u0131 madencilik faaliyetlerinin yaln\u0131zca mevcut orman ekosistemini tahrip etmekle kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde de geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmez tahribatlara neden oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. <\/p>\n

Ula\u015f\u0131m ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta demir ve deniz yollar\u0131 aleyhine desteklenen karayollar\u0131nda, otoyol yap\u0131m\u0131na 1980\u2019lerde ge\u00e7ildi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi ve sonucu olan bu geli\u015fme, di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok alandan kesilen kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn buna yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Daha ikici k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanmadan, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da bu d\u00f6nemde uluslararas\u0131 in\u015faat firmalar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Bunlar\u0131n sonucunda plans\u0131z ve d\u00fczensiz \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcmesini\u201d s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u0130stanbul\u2019da, 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren rantiyeci, arsa spek\u00fclat\u00f6rleri taraf\u0131ndan (o zaman kentin uzak k\u00f6\u015feleri olan) hazine ve orman arazilerinden i\u015fgal edilerek gecekonduculara pazarlanan araziler de, kentin merkezi yerleri olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak bu alanlar\u0131n altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve sosyal donat\u0131lar\u0131 yetersizdi. \u0130\u015fte \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6zg\u00fc kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u201d kavram\u0131 da bu d\u00f6nemde ke\u015ffedildi.
1991 erken genel se\u00e7imlerinin ard\u0131ndan DYP – SHP ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurulan h\u00fck\u00fcmetle birlikte, 80\u2019lere damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran \u00d6zal ve ANAP d\u00f6nemi sona ererken yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcren yeni bir koalisyonlar d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde de piyasala\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131n, her alanda oldu\u011fu gibi k\u0131rsal alan ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6netimi konular\u0131nda da kapsam\u0131 giderek geni\u015fledi. Bu d\u00f6nemin k\u0131rsal alan politikalar\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran uygulama \u201cdo\u011frudan gelir deste\u011fi\u201d uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce uygulanan tar\u0131msal destekler \u00fcretime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verilmekte iken, DB ve DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn kredi ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile dikte edilen do\u011frudan gelir deste\u011fi, m\u00fclkiyet esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00fcretici \u00e7ift\u00e7inin de\u011fil m\u00fclk sahiplerinin desteklenmesi \u015feklinde bir uygulamad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretici \u00e7ift\u00e7iye \u00fcretime ba\u011fl\u0131 destek sa\u011flayan Tar\u0131m Sat\u0131\u015f Kooperatifleri de, \u00f6zerkle\u015ftirme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda, devletten \u00f6zerkle\u015ftirilirken, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015flerdir. Bu d\u00f6nemin tar\u0131msal K\u0130T\u2019lerin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi politikas\u0131n\u0131n ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak, Orman \u00dcr\u00fcnleri Sanayi Kurumu da \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi. Bu d\u00f6nemin ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131ndan, k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde etkileri fazla dikkat \u00e7ekmeyen, ancak uzun vadede en tehlikelilerinden biri de ormanc\u0131l\u0131k hizmetlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesinin h\u0131z kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu politikalar\u0131n bir devam\u0131 olarak, \u00fclkenin uluslararas\u0131 pazara a\u00e7\u0131lma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 da geni\u015fletilerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi nedeniyle, \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na yap\u0131lacak 3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde de g\u00fcndemden d\u00fc\u015fmedi. <\/p>\n

Bir yandan ilk iki k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn zararlar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayan \u0130stanbullular\u0131n toplumsal tepkisi(\u00f6zellikle Arnavutk\u00f6y\u2019l\u00fclerin \u00e7ok ses getiren tepkileri), bir yandan da yerel y\u00f6netimler ile merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131ndaki bir politik \u00e7eki\u015fme alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle 3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc projesi bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc uygulanamad\u0131. Daha sonra ba\u015fbakan olacak olan R.T. Erdo\u011fan \u201c3. K\u00f6pr\u00fc \u0130stanbul \u0130\u00e7in Bir Cinayettir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc (1995) \u0130B\u015eB Ba\u015fkan\u0131 iken bu d\u00f6nemde s\u00f6yledi. Fakat k\u00f6pr\u00fc projesinin olu\u015fturucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bu projeden vazge\u00e7ilmedi\u011fi gibi, tepkiler sonucu vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f gibi yap\u0131larak, her seferinde daha 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda belirlenen 9 (dokuz) g\u00fczerg\u00e2htan bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fine Uyum D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>
3 Kas\u0131m 2002 Genel Se\u00e7imlerinde AKP’nin tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidara gelmesinden sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n politikalar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen AKP d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.
2000\u2019li y\u0131llar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netiminde AB\u2019den politika transferi d\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Transfer edilen AB politikalar\u0131 gibi Ulusal Programlarda da \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131 ile k\u0131rsal alanlar\u0131n ekolojik de\u011fil ekonomik bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Bu politikay\u0131 uygulama, izleme ve denetleme g\u00f6revi de; \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri(yani \u015firketler), ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer ve STK\u2019lara devredilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde kurulan ve k\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netimi konusunda g\u00f6revleri de bulunan, konumu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131 da \u201ckalk\u0131nma ajanslar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. <\/p>\n

AKP, hen\u00fcz iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda \u201corman\u201d say\u0131lmayan yerleri herkese satabilmek, devlet orman i\u015fletmecili\u011fi d\u00fczenini \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Anayasay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme giri\u015fiminde bulundu. <\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n onay vermemesi nedeniyle bu giri\u015fim ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ama kamuoyunda \u201c2B arazileri\u201d olarak an\u0131lan bu yerleri sat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fcndemde tutuldu, dahas\u0131, haz\u0131rlanan yeni anayasa tasla\u011f\u0131nda bu do\u011frultudaki uygulamalar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletecek yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ergun \u00d6zbudun ve arkada\u015flar\u0131nca haz\u0131rlan\u0131p kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klanan Anayasa Tasla\u011f\u0131nda, ba\u015fta 2 \/ B tarih s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n 23.07.2007 (12 Eyl\u00fcl Anayasas\u0131 ile 1961\u2019den 31.2.1981\u2019e \u00e7ekilen) tarihine \u00e7ekilmesi olmak \u00fczere ormanlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na neden olacak bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6neriliyordu. <\/p>\n

2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 4999 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla Orman Kanunu\u2019nun ba\u015fta 1. maddesi olmak \u00fczere toplam 13 maddesini de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek, baz\u0131 orman a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u201corman\u201d say\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6y muhtarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetiminde kesilebilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milli Parklar Kanunu ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yerlerin yirmidokuz y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na kiralanabilmesini olanakl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131.
2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 5192 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla Orman Kanunu\u2019nun bu kez ba\u015fta 17. maddesi olmak 3 maddesini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bir yeni ek madde, bir de ge\u00e7ici madde getirerek \u201cdevlet orman\u0131\u201d say\u0131lan alanlarda 49 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na izin verilebilecek ormanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletildi.<\/p>\n

2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 5177 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla 3213 say\u0131l\u0131 Maden Kanunu\u2019<\/strong>nun 7. maddesindeki bir d\u00fczenleme ile Orman mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yeri de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6teki alanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra orman, muhafaza orman\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma, milli park, tabiat park\u0131, tabiat an\u0131t\u0131, tabiat\u0131 koruma alanlar\u0131nda da madencilik etkinliklerine izin verilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanun daha sonra Anaysa Mahkemesince iptal edilmi\u015fse de 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maden Kanunu\u2019nu ba\u015ftan sona yenileyerek 5177 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n geni\u015fletilmi\u015f olarak uygulamaya ge\u00e7mesi sa\u011fland\u0131. <\/p>\n

2003 ve 2009 y\u0131llar\u0131nda A\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi<\/strong> yeniden d\u00fczenlenerek \u201c\u00f6zel orman stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde\u201d orman yeti\u015ftirmek isteyen \u00f6zel ve kamu ki\u015fi, kurum ve kurulu\u015flara \u201cdevlet orman\u0131\u201d say\u0131lan arazi tahsis etme uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletildi.<\/p>\n

2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 5831 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cTapu Kanunu \u0130le Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun\u201dla 3402 say\u0131l\u0131 Kadastro Kanunu\u2019nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 6831 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n orman kadastrosu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilgili kimi maddeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. B\u00f6ylece 2\/B arazilerinin fiili kullan\u0131m durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cifraz ve\/veya tevhidinin\u201d yap\u0131labilir oldu.<\/p>\n

1 A\u011fustos 2010 tarihinde de 6009 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cGelir Vergisi Kanunu \u0130le Baz\u0131 Kanun ve Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararnamelerde De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun\u201dun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle de 2\/B arazilerinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve\/veya belediyelere devrinin yasal zemini olu\u015fturuldu. <\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde yay\u0131nlan say\u0131s\u0131z tamim, tebli\u011f vb. ile temel ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesine yeni boyutlar kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

8 Temmuz 2006\u2019da 5531 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cOrman M\u00fchendisli\u011fi, Orman End\u00fcstri M\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve A\u011fa\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri End\u00fcstri M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201dunu da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak temel ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli alt yap\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde peki\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zet olarak bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cdevlet orman\u0131\u201d say\u0131lan alanlar, giri\u015fimci sermayedarlar taraf\u0131ndan ormanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n serbest\u00e7e yap\u0131labildi\u011fi alanlar haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u00f6pr\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1990\u2019larda ba\u015flayan yeni d\u00f6nem sermaye birikimi stratejilerinin \u00f6nemli bir aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken ayn\u0131 zamanda, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve kararlar\u0131n da par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmektedir. <\/p>\n

3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc projesi;<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a0Bir yandan sermayenin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 meta \u00fcretimini h\u0131zla dola\u015f\u0131ma sokma e\u011filimine cevap verirken;<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a0Bir yandan da devasa alt yap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 biriken para-sermayenin bir dizi sekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan absorbe edilmesinin sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve kararlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, AB Komisyonu Enerji ve Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u201cAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Ula\u015f\u0131m A\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kom\u015fu \u00dclkeleri de Kapsayacak \u015eekilde Geni\u015fletilmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 proje ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gelmektedir. Proje kapsam\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan \u201cK\u00f6pr\u00fcler \u0130n\u015fa Etmek\u201c ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporda AB\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya ile olan ticaretinde 2000-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fczde 100\u2019l\u00fck bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ancak iki \u00fclkede mevcut ula\u015f\u0131m \u015febekelerinin bu h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye, artan miktarlarda meta dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na cevap veremeyecek kadar yetersiz oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Komisyon taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck ula\u015f\u0131m aks\u0131ndan, G\u00fcney-Do\u011fu aks\u0131 ile hedeflenen AB\u2019yi bir yandan Balkanlar ve T\u00fcrkiye ile bir yandan da Kafkaslar, Hazar Denizi, Orta Do\u011fu, M\u0131s\u0131r ve K\u0131z\u0131l Deniz ile ba\u011flamakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n

TOBB\u2019ne g\u00f6re, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131’na in\u015fa edilecek \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u00f6pr\u00fc sayesinde Sarp S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131’ndan giren nakliye ara\u00e7lar\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla Avrupa’ya ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda Ba\u015fbakan R.T. Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n 6 Nisan 2007 tarihinde Ordu\u2019da Karadeniz Sahil Yolu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada: \u201c\u015eimdi bir hedefi daha ortaya koyuyorum. Bu yol in\u015fallah \u0130stanbul\u2019un 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc Bo\u011faz k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcyle de b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fecek. Onunla kalmayacak Avrupa\u2019yla bulu\u015facak. … ”\u00a0 \u015feklindeki s\u00f6zleri, AB Komisyonu Enerji ve Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn projelerinin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir. R.T. Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n ayn\u0131 konu\u015fmada: \u201cEvelallah d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzun sahil yoluna T\u00fcrkiye kavu\u015facakt\u0131r.\u201d da diyerek, ula\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131nda denizin yerine karayolunu en \u00e7ok tercih eden \u00fclkenin de T\u00fcrkiye oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesinden hemen sonra 21 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 tarihinde kurulan B\u00fclent Ulusu H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin maliye bakan\u0131 olan Adnan B. Kafao\u011flu\u2019nun 1983\u2019teki, \u201c\u0130kinci Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve Metro projelerini birle\u015ftiriyoruz ….\u00a0 AET\u2019ye yap\u0131lan \u0130hracat tahminlerimizin \u00fcst\u00fcndedir.\u201d s\u00f6zleri, bu politikalar\u0131n darbe h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde de uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

AB Komisyonu, sorunun yaln\u0131zca yeni ula\u015f\u0131m \u015febekelerinin in\u015fas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu in\u015faatlar\u0131n hi\u00e7 bir gecikme ya\u015fanmadan tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131n da hayati \u00f6nem arz etti\u011fini belirtmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kapitalist sistemde piyasalarda paran\u0131n bolla\u015fmas\u0131, sermaye birikimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan para-sermayenin de\u011fersizle\u015fmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu de\u011fersizle\u015fmeyi \u00f6nleyecek \u015fey ise, biriken paran\u0131n h\u0131zla yeni yat\u0131r\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. K\u00f6pr\u00fc, yol, baraj gibi alt yap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na bu anlamda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli f\u0131rsatlar sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda daha ikinci k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131lmadan ilk k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc yapan \u0130ngiliz firmas\u0131, \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019un bir de\u011fil, daha iki k\u00f6pr\u00fcye ihtiyac\u0131 var. Gerekli fonun y\u00fczde y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc biz sa\u011flayabiliriz.\u201d demektedir. Bug\u00fcn de d\u00fcnya genelinde kendini 2008 krizi ile a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vuran muazzam bir para-sermaye birikiminin bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na yap\u0131lmak istenen 3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc projesi de toplumun ula\u015f\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 de\u011fil, yeni karlar elde etmek \u00fczere bu para-sermaye birikiminin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NE OLACAK?<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ne olacak ya da ne yapmal\u0131 sorusu genellikle yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 en zor sorudur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ula\u015ft\u0131rma tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda genellikle 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan karayolcu politikalar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilerek, adeta karayolculuk mahk\u00fbm edilip, demiryolculuk y\u00fcceltilerek ba\u015flan\u0131r. Oysa ula\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n, karayolculu\u011fu ya da demiryolculu\u011fu vb. tercih edip etmemesi her zaman belirleyici de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de demiryolu politikalar\u0131 da ilk ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bilindi\u011fi gibi, yabanc\u0131 kumpanyalara(firmalara) verilen imtiyazlarla, yani yap i\u015flet sonunda devir de etme s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, firmalar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 olup olmamas\u0131 i\u015fletip i\u015fletmemelerinden daha \u00f6nemli olan konular da var? Bunlar yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. 17 Nisan 1868 tarihli s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, demir yolunun iki taraf\u0131ndan 10 km\u2019lik bir eksen d\u00e2hilinde ormanlardan demiryolu in\u015faat\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ah\u015fap d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ormanlar, maden ve ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletme hakk\u0131 da bu firmaya verilmi\u015f, yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n 20 hatta 30 km\u2019ye kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi h\u00fckm\u00fc de konmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra Hicaz, Ba\u011fdat ve Anadolu\u2019nun de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinde di\u011fer demiryolu in\u015faatlar\u0131nda da, ilgili \u015firketlere \u00f6ren yerlerinde kaz\u0131 yapma ve bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek d\u00e2hil benzer ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. <\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131 ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, yerle\u015fim ve sanayile\u015fmesi plans\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131, k\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netemeyen bir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, \u0130stanbul\u2019un ula\u015f\u0131m ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sorunu k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyecek, aksine bu sorunlara yo\u011fun kent, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131m maliyeti, su, rekreasyon, yaban hayat\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok sorun daha eklenecektir.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130.\u00dc. Orman Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nin 13.10.2009 tarihli \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fc ve \u0130stanbul Ormanlar\u0131na Etkileri Konusunda Rapor\u201d isimli raporunda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131 halinde ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul ormanlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, do\u011fal ve yaban\u0131l alanlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak sonu\u00e7lar ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, \u201c\u00f6zelliklerine de\u011finilen \u0130stanbul ormanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak tahribat\u0131n, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede giderilemeyece\u011fi ve eski halini almas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu ve \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcreye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rnek bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u201d c\u00fcmlesiyle bu projenin yarataca\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu vurgulamadan sonra, raporun son c\u00fcmlesinde \u201cormanlara en az zarar verecek karayolu\u201d \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nerilmesi raporun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ve \u00f6z\u00fcyle derin \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131 gibi 3. k\u00f6pr\u00fc sorunu da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netimi ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k politikalar\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturmak ve sermayenin bitmeyen krizlerine do\u011fal alanlar\u0131 metala\u015ft\u0131rarak kaynak olu\u015fturmak gibi politik temelli sorunlard\u0131r.\u00a0 Sorunu kayna\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc kent planlar\u0131 ya da ula\u015f\u0131m planlar\u0131 gibi teknik de\u011fil, politik oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in politik d\u00fczlemde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Politik d\u00fczlemde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 ararken, politik alternatifleri de \u00fcretip hatta uygulamak do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. Zap K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi,\u00a0 bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri \u00fcretmek ve uygulamak bug\u00fcn de olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ormanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda bug\u00fcnden yar\u0131na hayata ge\u00e7irilebileceklerden olanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kapsam\u0131nda; \u00fclkemizin neresinde, ne denli geni\u015f bir alanda, hangi ama\u00e7larla ormanc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi; bu bir yana, \u015fimdilerde \u201corman\u201d say\u0131lan alanlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi ama\u00e7larla y\u00f6netilmesinin zorunlu oldu\u011fu ortaya konulabilir.<\/p>\n

Neredeyse tamam\u0131 orman k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri olan, a\u011fa\u00e7 kesme, tomruklama ve ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlar\u0131n grevli, toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli sendikal hakka ve toplumsal g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcamak. Bununla beraber orman k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin s\u00fcr\u00fcnerek ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri yerine kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131na ger\u00e7ekten de katk\u0131da bulunabilecek projelerin uygulanmas\u0131; bu kapsamda da demokratik k\u00f6y kalk\u0131nd\u0131rma kooperatiflerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilir. <\/p>\n

K\u0131rsal alan y\u00f6netimi ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nceliklerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine, onlarca uzman\u0131n eme\u011finin savurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, vb. yol a\u00e7an ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da uygulanamayan d\u0131\u015f destekli \u201culusal\u201d plan, program ve projeler yerine yerel d\u00fczeyde \u00e7ok boyutlu dinamik plan ve programlar\u0131n yap\u0131larak hayata ge\u00e7irilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u201cOrman\u201d say\u0131lan alanlardaki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yaban\u0131l bitki ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fmelerinin izlenmesi; orman ekosistemleri ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ilgili hukuksal d\u00fczenlemeler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karacak do\u011frultuda giderilmesi; ba\u015fta yeniden orman yeti\u015ftirme ve \u201corman rehabilitasyonu\u201d olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel etki de\u011ferlendirmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131; Orman Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn her biriminde karar s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin demokratikle\u015ftirilmesi; gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hayata ge\u00e7irilebilir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131rlar\u0131n ve kentlerin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirini etkiledi\u011fi unutulmadan, bu alanlarda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n da gereksinimi do\u011frultusunda ve buralarda ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri de al\u0131narak alternatif uygulamalar\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu uygulamalar bir yandan kente a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya katk\u0131da bulunurken, bu etkisinden daha \u00f6nemli olarak, halk\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri al\u0131narak uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6netimler \u00fczerinde demokratik bir bask\u0131 olu\u015fturacak ve bu yan\u0131yla sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde daha da etkili olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Besim S. SERTOK
Orman M\u00fchendisi
<\/strong>bsertok@yahoo.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/u><\/em><\/strong>
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yay\u0131nlama amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, bilgi notu olu\u015fturma amac\u0131yla ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, derleme a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Metin i\u00e7erisinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da isimleri verilen yay\u0131nlardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131da al\u0131nt\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 amac\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bu al\u0131nt\u0131lar metin i\u00e7erisinde vurgulanmam\u0131\u015f, metin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da, al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ay\u0131rt etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle; yay\u0131n sahiplerinin anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermeleri umuduyla…<\/em> <\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011flar, Y\u00fccel.<\/strong> 2008 \u201cAKP Ormanlar\u0131m\u0131zdan Ne \u0130stiyor\u201d Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011flar, Y\u00fccel.<\/strong> 2001 \u201cOrmanlar\u0131m\u0131z ve Ormanlar\u0131m\u0131z Neden, Kimler \u0130\u00e7in, Nas\u0131l \u00d6zelle\u015ftiriliyor?\u201d Orkam \u2013 Sen, E\u011fitim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 \u2013 3<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnay, Turhan.<\/strong> 2003 \u201cOrmanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esine K\u0131sa Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d Tar\u0131morkam \u2013 Sen Yay\u0131n\u0131. <\/p>\n

TOD<\/strong>, 1951 \u201cYe\u015fil Kitap. Orman Davam\u0131z.\u201d (2005 tarihli \u201ct\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m\u201d ikinci bask\u0131dan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) TOD Yay\u0131n\u0131. E\u011fitim Dizisi:1<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, \u00c7are Olgun<\/strong>. 2010 \u201c3. K\u00f6pr\u00fc Projesi De\u011ferlendirme Raporu.\u201d TMMOB \u015ePO \u0130st. \u015eb. Yay\u0131n\u0131. <\/p>\n

Alpkaya, G\u00f6k\u00e7en Ve Alpkaya, Faruk<\/strong>, 2004 \u201c20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi.\u201d Tarih Vakf\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n

TOD<\/strong>, 1987 \u201cCumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi Ormanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda 3116 Say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ve Sonras\u0131\u201d i\u00e7inde; Ayano\u011flu, Sedat \u201c3116 Say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu ve Sonras\u0131.\u201d <\/p>\n

Kafao\u011flu, Arslan Ba\u015fer<\/strong> 1986 \u201c\u0130\u015fte Alternatif. Demokratik Planl\u0131 Kalk\u0131nma.\u201d 2. Bask\u0131. Alan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k <\/p>\n

Kay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, Sabrina<\/strong> 2009 \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u0131rsal Alan Y\u00f6netimi.\u201d Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Vakf\u0131, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme Dizisi 10<\/p>\n

TMMOB Orman M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 \u0130st \u015eb.<\/strong> 2008 \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019un Korkulu R\u00fcyas\u0131 K\u00f6pr\u00fcler Zinciri !\u201d Bas\u0131n Bildirisi. <\/p>\n

\u0130.\u00dc. Orman Fak\u00fcltesi,<\/strong> 2009 \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fc ve \u0130stanbul Ormanlar\u0131na Etkileri Konusunda Rapor\u201d <\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.orman.istanbul.edu.tr\/sites\/default\/files\/ucuncu_kopru_0.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 27.11.2010)<\/p>\n

Kaya, Ba\u015fak<\/strong> S\u00f6zc\u00fc gazetesi 19.11.2010 \u201c\u00c7ift\u00e7iyi bat\u0131rd\u0131lar\u201d \u00c7ift\u00e7i Sen. Konfederasyonu Genel Ba\u015fk. Abdullah Aysu ile r\u00f6portaj.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131lmaz, Gaye<\/strong> 2010 \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn Ekonomi-Politi\u011fi\u201d Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i_K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a> (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 27.11.2010)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0130LK K\u00d6PR\u00dc \u00d6NER\u0130LER\u0130\n\u0130nsanl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan bu yana, her zaman do\u011fay\u0131 etkiledi, de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikici yar\u0131s\u0131nda do\u011faya egemen olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kendisinin de bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu do\u011fay\u0131 yok etmekte oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na var\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, daha \u00f6nce basit bir kirlenme sorunu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7evre sorunu, giderek artan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etik ve politik bir soruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4723,1991],"tags":[79,1251,1250,1249,1252],"class_list":{"0":"post-2879","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-kent-ve-doga-yazilar","8":"category-yazilar","9":"tag-3-kopru","10":"tag-besim-sertok","11":"tag-bogaz-kopruleri","12":"tag-istanbul-bogazi","13":"tag-orman-muhendisi"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2879","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2879"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2879\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2879"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2879"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2879"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}