{"id":30009,"date":"2018-10-30T12:33:19","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T09:33:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=30009"},"modified":"2019-01-28T20:40:00","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T17:40:00","slug":"tohum-yasasindaki-son-degisiklik-ne-getiriyor-bulent-sik-bianet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/tohum-yasasindaki-son-degisiklik-ne-getiriyor-bulent-sik-bianet\/","title":{"rendered":"Tohum yasas\u0131ndaki son de\u011fi\u015fiklik ne getiriyor? \u2013 B\u00fclent \u015e\u0131k (Bianet)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hayat\u0131 sertifika alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, tohum takas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek sadece sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar \u00fczerinden tar\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 dikte etmek y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7abad\u0131r<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/pazar_tezgah.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30010\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/pazar_tezgah.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"466\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Yery\u00fcz\u00fc bir bitki gezegenidir. D\u00fcnya tohumlu ya da tohumsuz \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde \u00e7o\u011falan, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalara da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p, yayg\u0131nla\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131z bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcyle dolu.<\/p>\n<p>Bitkilerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretebilme, kolektif davranabilme ve zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fen ko\u015fullara adapte olabilme yeteneklerinin e\u015fsizli\u011fi onlar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gezegenin kal\u0131c\u0131 sakinlerinden biri haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan yedi\u011fi g\u0131dalar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 bitkilere bor\u00e7ludur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7, m\u0131s\u0131r, arpa, \u00e7avdar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok tohumlu bitkinin insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki rolleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz. Uygarl\u0131k tarihi bu bitkiler \u00fczerinden de okunabilir. Tar\u0131m en temelde tohumlu bitkilerin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve tohumlar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihidir. Elde edilen mahsul\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bir sonraki y\u0131l tohum olarak kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere saklanmas\u0131 ve eldeki tohumlar\u0131n ba\u015fka \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin tohumlar\u0131yla takas edilmesi \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikte hemen her zaman egemen tutum olmu\u015ftur. Farkl\u0131 tohum \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara adaptasyonunda insan \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tohum de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fu ya da takas\u0131 bitkilerin farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara adaptasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamada kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi i\u00e7in gereken genetik bilginin tamam\u0131 tohumda mevcuttur. Ancak bir tohum ancak uygun \u015fartlarda ye\u015ferme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulabilir. Her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc gibi bitkiler de de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na adapte olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen adaptasyonlar bitkinin genetik koduna yans\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Genetik kodun ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan tohumlar ekilip dikildik\u00e7e ya da kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na ye\u015ferme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulabildik\u00e7e adaptasyonlar t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer canl\u0131larda da oldu\u011fu gibi ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hayat\u0131 sertifika alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, tohum takas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek sadece sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar \u00fczerinden tar\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 dikte etmek y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7abad\u0131r. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe yaslan\u0131r ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi k\u00f6relten, canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri birer metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren her yakla\u015f\u0131m hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesintiye u\u011fratmak anlam\u0131na gelir. Ama bu kesinti ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in vuku bulabilir; yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki bitkisel hayat yoluna devam etmenin bir yolunu bulacakt\u0131r; yolunu yitirecek ve kaybolacak olan sadece insand\u0131r. \u0130nsan besin \u00fcretme yetene\u011fini kesintiye u\u011fratmak i\u00e7in tohum sertifikasyonundan ve sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar\u0131 hibritle\u015ftirerek piyasa ili\u015fkilerine tabi k\u0131lmaktan daha iyi bir y\u00f6ntem bulamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 19 Ekim 2018 tarihinde \u201cYerel \u00c7e\u015fitlerin Kay\u0131t Alt\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00dcretilmesi ve Pazarlanmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir y\u00f6netmelik yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00f6netmelik yerel tohumlar\u0131 bug\u00fcne kadar \u00fcreten, \u00fcretimde kullanan ve birbiri ile takas ederek tohum \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin adaptasyon yeteneklerini geli\u015ftiren \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin elinden bu haklar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netmelikle \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ekti\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn tohumlar\u0131n sertifikaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu getiriliyor ancak bu sertifikasyon s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131yor. Meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131na, \u00fcniversitelere ve kamu kurumlar\u0131na tohum sertifikasyonu i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuru yapma yetkisi verilirken binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r tohum saklayan, ekip diken, birbiri ile tohum takas\u0131 yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin b\u00f6yle bir hakk\u0131 yok.<\/p>\n<p>Mesele \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin de sertifikasyon yapma haklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 de\u011fil; zaten \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7ift\u00e7inin ne sertifikasyon s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki b\u00fcrokratik i\u015flemleri ve ne de bu s\u00fcre\u00e7leri y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in gereken paray\u0131 bulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan y\u00f6netmelikle yerel tohum \u00e7e\u015fitleri piyasan\u0131n boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131na girecek ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 ekme ve takas etme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kendi tohumunu ekip dikmeye, takas etmeye devam edecek \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere ise para cezas\u0131 getiriliyor.<\/p>\n<p>Tohum sertifikasyonunda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacak ve yasadan en fazla \u00e7\u0131kar temin edecek kurum k\u0131sa ad\u0131 T\u00dcRKTOB olan T\u00fcrkiye Tohumcular Birli\u011fi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Tohumculuk Yasas\u0131 ile sertifikas\u0131z tohumlar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ancak \u00e7ift\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki tohum takas\u0131 engellenmemi\u015fti. Tohumculuk yasas\u0131nda son yap\u0131lan yasal d\u00fczenleme ile sertifikal\u0131 tohum kullanmayan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere tar\u0131msal destekler verilmeyece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ift\u00e7iler sertifikaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tohum kullanmaya mahk\u00fbm edildi. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan sertifikaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hibrit tohumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir tohum kullanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmalar\u0131 olanaks\u0131z k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131yor. Hibrit tohumlar saklamaya ve takas etmeye elveri\u015fli de\u011fil, her sene piyasadan sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<p>Tohum yasas\u0131n\u0131n kazanan\u0131 \u015firketler olacak. Ama yasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini bizlere \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7le duyuran yetkililerin dedi\u011fi gibi yerli \u015firketler de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00dcRKTOB\u2019un sitesinde yer alan bilgilere g\u00f6re \u00fclkemizde 832 adet tohum \u015firketi bulunuyor. Bu \u015firketlerin 22 tanesinin yerli ve yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu 32 adet \u015firketin ise tamam\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firket oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n<p>Yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firket say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen (toplam\u0131n y\u00fczde 2.6\u2019s\u0131) \u00fclkemiz tohum piyasas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde otuzuna h\u00e2kim olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yerli ve yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kurulan \u015firketler de hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda piyasa h\u00e2kimiyeti y\u00fczde elliye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Tohum, g\u00fcbre, kimyasal madde, ila\u00e7 ve biyoteknoloji birbiri ile i\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Son 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r d\u00fcnya genelinde bu alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015firketlerin birbiri ile birle\u015fmesi ya da bir \u015firketin ba\u015fka bir \u015firketi sat\u0131n almas\u0131 yolu ile piyasada az say\u0131da \u015firket kalm\u0131\u015f; devasa b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015fan, tekelle\u015fmi\u015f \u015firketler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00dcRKTOB\u2019un internet sitesinde tohum i\u015finde ne kadar \u00e7ok yerli \u015firket bulundu\u011fundan -bence ger\u00e7e\u011fi tahrif eden bir bi\u00e7imde- \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7le s\u00f6z edilse de, T\u00dcRKTOB yetkilileri uluslararas\u0131 sistemin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini hi\u00e7 anlamam\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Ya da \u00e7ok iyi anl\u0131yorlar ve tek dertleri para kazanmak. Ama onca milliyet\u00e7i ve yerli s\u00f6ylemlerine ra\u011fmen \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde \u00fclkemizde tohum alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketlerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n tasfiye olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bilmeleri gerekiyor. Burada tar\u0131mda \u015firketle\u015fmeyi savunacak de\u011filim; aksine tar\u0131msal faaliyet olabildi\u011fince \u015firket m\u00fcdahalesinden ar\u0131n\u0131k tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tohum yasas\u0131n\u0131n kaybedeni b\u00fct\u00fcn bir toplum olacak. \u00c7ift\u00e7iSen, tohum takas a\u011flar\u0131, tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da inisiyatifleri bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikten \u00e7ok olumsuz etkilenecek. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin y\u0131llard\u0131r savundu\u011fu g\u0131da egemenli\u011fi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7mak, yakla\u015fan iklim krizi ile ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in besin \u00fcretme yetene\u011fimizi daha da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak, \u00e7e\u015fitlendirmek gerekirken tam aksi yap\u0131larak insanlar\u0131n becerileri k\u00f6reltiliyor, bir toplumun kendine yeterli g\u0131da \u00fcretme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 elinden al\u0131n\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasan\u0131n hukukun ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda iptalinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanm\u0131yorum. Hayata kar\u015f\u0131t b\u00f6yle yasalar\u0131 tan\u0131mamak gerekiyor; ama \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131labilen tohum takas\u0131n\u0131n bile bu \u015fartlarda \u00e7ok zorla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u00c7ift\u00e7iSen, Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, G\u0131da M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, Tabipler Odas\u0131, tohum takas a\u011flar\u0131 ve konu ile ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin yeni m\u00fccadele yollar\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in h\u0131zla bir araya gelmeleri gerekiyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hayat\u0131 sertifika alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, tohum takas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek sadece sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[3261,4256],"class_list":{"0":"post-30009","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-tohum","9":"tag-tohum-yasasi"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30009"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30009\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}