{"id":31686,"date":"2019-07-01T12:13:01","date_gmt":"2019-07-01T09:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=31686"},"modified":"2019-07-01T12:14:49","modified_gmt":"2019-07-01T09:14:49","slug":"yoksullugu-gizlemek-sezen-savran-kenthali-org","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/yoksullugu-gizlemek-sezen-savran-kenthali-org\/","title":{"rendered":"Yoksullu\u011fu gizlemek &#8211; Sezen Savran (kenthali.org)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Favela, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki gecekondulara \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzer olan, Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cillegal\u201d konut tipolojisine verilen add\u0131r. Tarihsel olarak 1888\u2019de k\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 bar\u0131nma hakk\u0131na eri\u015femeyen Afrika k\u00f6kenli vatanda\u015flar bu konutlar\u0131 in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, kentin yoksul kesimlerinin, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, vb. kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir konuta eri\u015fimi bulunmayanlar\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerleri de yine favelalar olmu\u015ftur. Rio de Janeiro \u015fehri n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %25\u2019i g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde favelalarda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Mar\u00e9 de Rio\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck favela b\u00f6lgelerinden birisidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMar\u00e9\u201d kelimesi Portekizcede gelgit anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bug\u00fcn Mar\u00e9 gecekondu b\u00f6lgesinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rio\u2019nun kent merkezine g\u00f6re kuzey kesiminde yer alan Guanabara k\u00f6rfezi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131, batakl\u0131k zeminde gelgitler sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f mangrov ormanlar\u0131, kumsallar ve adalardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Yerle\u015fim de ad\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00f6zelli\u011fine referansla alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ailelerin bar\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 barakalar\u0131n ilk g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer, batakl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7inde tek kuru alan olan Timabu tepesidir. 1940\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Rio\u2019yu di\u011fer kom\u015fu \u015fehirlere ba\u011flayan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de metropoliten alan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Brezilya otoyolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla, b\u00f6lgedeki yerle\u015fim de geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Manguinhos Ya\u011f Rafinerisi ve Fundao adas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki Federal \u00dcniversite kamp\u00fcs\u00fc; gecekondu kompleksinin geli\u015fimini etkileyen di\u011fer unsurlar olmu\u015ftur. Kentteki in\u015faat faaliyetlerinin Mar\u00e9 b\u00f6lgesine kaymas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde bir\u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f, bu i\u015f\u00e7iler de civarda olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 favelalarda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130lk konut tipolojisi, zeminin batakl\u0131k veya mangrovlarla kapl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ah\u015fap s\u0131r\u0131klar \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen, yine ah\u015fap k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle birbirine ba\u011flanan derme \u00e7atma barakalar \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-31691\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"718\" \/><\/a><strong>\u015eekil 1: &#8220;Palafitte&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cPalafitte\u201d denen barakalar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in biri federal, di\u011feri eyalet y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan 2 konut projesi planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Barakalar kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve batakl\u0131k zemine toprak dolgusu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mar\u00e9 gecekondu kompleksinde d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem sosyal konut sunumu s\u00f6z konusu olsa da in\u015fa edilen birimler sakinleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan eklemeler sonucu yeniden tipik favela yap\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da b\u00f6lgede yer alan bir sosyal konut blokunun ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-31690\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" \/><\/a><strong>\u015eekil 2: Sosyal konutlar\u0131n favelalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Rio \u00c7evre Zirvesi\u2019nden \u00f6nce uluslararas\u0131 havaliman\u0131 ile kent merkezini ba\u011flayan yeni bir yolun yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla Mar\u00e9 b\u00f6lgesi iki ana otoban aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-31689\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"634\" \/><\/a><strong>\u015eekil 3: Mar\u00e9&#8217;nin konumu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1990 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Rio\u2019nun ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 etkinliklerde y\u00f6neticilerin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde favelalar\u0131 turistlerden saklama hatta bu yerle\u015fimleri pasifize etme giri\u015fimleri s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Polis \u015fiddetini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in favelalarda uyu\u015fturucu \u00e7etelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilse de operasyonlardan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda mahalle sakinleri etkilenmektedir. 2014 D\u00fcnya Kupas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce gecekondulu n\u00fcfusu pasifize etmek amac\u0131yla yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 ki\u015filik polis g\u00fcc\u00fc, mahalleye \u015fafak bask\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 2016 olimpiyatlar\u0131 \u00f6ncesi ise havaliman\u0131ndan kent merkezine giden otoban kenarlar\u0131na Mar\u00e9 favelalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini engelleyecek bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcksek bariyerler konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_4.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-31688\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"408\" \/><\/a><strong>\u015eekil 4: Otoyol kenar\u0131na in\u015fa edilen bariyerler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Her ne kadar otoban\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kirlili\u011finin engellenmek istendi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015f olsa dahi; gecekondu kesiminde reklam ve afi\u015flerle kapal\u0131 olan bariyerlerin \u00fcniversite kesiminde \u015feffaf hale gelmesi, uygulaman\u0131n as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Yine olimpiyatlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fehrin en kuzey kesimlerinden g\u00fcneye do\u011fru inen otob\u00fcs hatlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fehir merkezinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek iki ayr\u0131 hatta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; favela sakinlerinin turistler ile ayn\u0131 toplu ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n bile istenmedi\u011fi \u015feklinde yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Brezilya, gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve kentsel yoksullu\u011fun \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oranda oldu\u011fu bir \u00fclkedir. Rio\u2019da favelalarda ya\u015fayan kesim, y\u00f6neticilerin; kentin ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 turizm, turizm ama\u00e7l\u0131 altyap\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli etkinlikler gibi ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir: \u201cTuristler ve ziyaret\u00e7iler bir veya birka\u00e7 hafta kal\u0131p d\u00f6necekler, ama biz burada kal\u0131c\u0131y\u0131z\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_5.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-31687\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/k_5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"408\" \/><\/a><strong>\u015eekil 5: Bariyerlerin arkas\u0131ndan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc (mahalleden otobana do\u011fru bak\u0131\u015f) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. IV. World Planning Schools Congress (WPSC); Mobile Workshop: Mar\u00e9 Slum Complex and Slums Observatory<\/p>\n<p>2. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2016\/aug\/02\/rio-olympics-view-from-the-favelas-mare-going-out-to-buy-bread-can-cost-a-life<\/p>\n<p>3. https:\/\/sensusjournal.org\/2019\/03\/07\/hiding-homelessness-beyond-highway-walls-and-uncomfortable-benches\/<\/p>\n<p>4. &#8220;2016 Olympics: What Rio doesn\u2019t want the world to see&#8221;, Vox<\/p>\n<p>5. Inside Rio\u2019s favelas, the city&#8217;s neglected neighborhoods, Vox<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 1: https:\/\/rioonwatch.org.br\/?p=23997<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 2: 1. IV. World Planning Schools Congress (WPSC); Mobile Workshop: Mar\u00e9 Slum Complex and Slums Observatory<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 3: Google Haritalar G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 4: (Kapak Foto\u011fraf\u0131) Ricardo Moraes\/Reuters<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 5: Mario Tama\/Getty Images<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Favela, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki gecekondulara \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzer olan, Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cillegal\u201d konut tipolojisine&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":31692,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[4868,4866,4867],"class_list":{"0":"post-31686","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-carpik-kentlesme","9":"tag-gecekondu","10":"tag-kent-yoksullari"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31686"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31686\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}