{"id":33410,"date":"2020-06-16T14:57:43","date_gmt":"2020-06-16T11:57:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=33410"},"modified":"2020-06-17T13:02:25","modified_gmt":"2020-06-17T10:02:25","slug":"yeri-savunmak-i-new-yorkta-kamusal-alanlar-kimin-icin-meryem-tasdemir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/yeri-savunmak-i-new-yorkta-kamusal-alanlar-kimin-icin-meryem-tasdemir\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Yer\u2019i savunmak (I): New York\u2019ta kamusal alanlar, kimin i\u00e7in? &#8211; Meryem Ta\u015fdemir"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>High Line Park i\u00e7in kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir \u2018ba\u015far\u0131\u2019 denilebilir ama ayn\u0131 zamanda Manhattan&#8217;daki artan e\u015fitsizli\u011fin sembol\u00fc haline geldi. New York\u2019taki bu soylula\u015ft\u0131rma an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131 di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 muhtemel hatalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir mi? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sanayi sonras\u0131 kentlerinde olu\u015fan end\u00fcstriyel bo\u015fluklar\u0131(!) yeniden kullan\u0131ma sunarak \u2018kentsel canland\u0131rma\u2019 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya da kamusal eksenli projelerin, asl\u0131nda \u00e7evresindeki rant de\u011ferini artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Y\u0131ld\u0131z mimarlar\u0131n ve tasar\u0131m gruplar\u0131n\u0131n odak projelerle ve paketlenen peyzaj alanlar\u0131yla kente getirdi\u011fi mek\u00e2nsal ve ekonomik yeniden yap\u0131lanma vaadi, kimin i\u00e7in daha ya\u015fanabilir alanlar yarat\u0131yor? <\/p>\n<p><strong>Black Lives Matter<\/strong> slogan\u0131 ile Amerikan \u015fehirlerinde ba\u015flayan m\u00fccadele; s\u0131n\u0131f, kimlik ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bir \u2018yer\u2019 savunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen planlama ve tasar\u0131m kararlar\u0131 merkezdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik gruplar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 kent \u00e7eperlerine itmektedir. Bu yaz\u0131da Manhattan Chelsea\u2019daki post-end\u00fcstriyel bir alandaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn, High Line Park\u2019\u0131n, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan topluluklar\u0131 dolayl\u0131 ve do\u011frudan nas\u0131l yerinden etti\u011fine de\u011finmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33411\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Kamusal alanlara yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahaleler, soylula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 \/yerinden edilmeyi nas\u0131l tetikler?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Soylula\u015ft\u0131rma (gentrification) terimi, 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz sosyolog Ruth Glass taraf\u0131ndan kentsel b\u00f6lgelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir grubundaki sakinlerini yerinden eden orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Glass, m\u00fctevaz\u0131 ve eski i\u015f\u00e7i konutlar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kirac\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin bitmesinin ard\u0131ndan gitmelerinden sonra zarif, pahal\u0131 konutlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kuzey Londra&#8217;daki Islington mahallesi \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6stererek soylula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 resmetmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"399\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33412\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nYerinden edilme, soylula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi en tahmin edilebilir sonu\u00e7tur diyebiliriz. B\u00f6lge sakinleri, b\u00f6lgenin artan de\u011feri nedeniyle mahallede sunulan konut, kamu hizmeti, okul \u00fccretleri ve di\u011fer hizmetler i\u00e7in art\u0131k \u00f6deme yapamad\u0131klar\u0131nda dolayl\u0131 olarak yerlerinden edilmektedir. Bu karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te, bir kamusal alan\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi veya geli\u015ftirilmesi ile \u00e7evre topraklar\u0131n de\u011ferindeki art\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi reddetmek zordur. Kamusal alanlara yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in daha da fazla potansiyel yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 muhtemel oldu\u011fundan soylula\u015ft\u0131rma kimi zaman da kamusalda ba\u015flar. <\/p>\n<p>High Line Park vakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda kent i\u00e7inde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen ba\u015fka ye\u015fil alanlar da incelenmi\u015f ve ye\u015fil soylula\u015ft\u0131rma kavram\u0131 ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ye\u015fillendirme, mahallelerdeki \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ve siyah, Latin gruplar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan ve beyaz, daha zengin g\u00f6\u00e7menleri \u00e7eken ye\u015fil soylula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yarat\u0131r. E\u015fitli\u011fe y\u00f6nelik kamu politikas\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesi olmadan, bu t\u00fcr giri\u015fimlerin mek\u00e2nsal ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131rma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33413\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nPlanlama mesle\u011finin kentsel her derde deva olarak elinde tuttu\u011fu \u2018mek\u00e2nsal ayr\u0131\u015fma\u2019 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece \u2018kamusal alanlar\u0131 yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve tasarlama\u2019 ya da en iyi \u015fekilde tasarlama kayg\u0131s\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde ele\u015ftirilere konu olmu\u015ftur. New York\u2019ta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten bir kurulu\u015f olan Project for Public Spaces<strong>(1)<\/strong>, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda planc\u0131lara ve tasar\u0131mc\u0131lara bir kamusal mekan \u00fcretimi etik kodu form\u00fcle etme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131. <em>\u201cT\u00fcm projelerimizde mek\u00e2nsal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 aktif olarak te\u015fvik edece\u011fiz. Mekan\u0131n, neresi olursa olsun \u0131rk, etnik k\u00f6ken, cinsiyet veya gelir fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin t\u00fcm insanlar i\u00e7in ortak bir payda oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Herhangi bir topluluk ya da ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7ermemelidir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Niyet \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer. Ancak \u2018i\u00e7ermemek\u2019 mevcut adaletsizlikleri geri almaz. \u00d6zellikle yeri \u2018ortak payda\u2019 olarak g\u00f6rmek, insanlar\u0131n mekan\u0131 ve kamusal alanlar\u0131 deneyimleme bi\u00e7imlerindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 silme riskini ta\u015f\u0131r. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri&#8217;nde, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u0131rksal ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7izgileri a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131c\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikler ve onlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, bir etik kural\u0131n onu kesmeyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Ger\u00e7ek bir mekan \u00fcretimi politikas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, alan\u0131 kullanan toplulukla ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u2018Kamusal alan ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr onlar\u0131 \u00fcretenlere ait olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u2019 fikri uzun zamand\u0131r tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir yerle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 (placemaking)<strong>(2)<\/strong> olmakla birlikte, bu hak her topluluk i\u00e7in var olacak m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/p>\n<p>Mimarlar ve planc\u0131lar, 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki siyah bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendi mahalle park\u0131nda vuruldu\u011fu Amerikan \u015fehirlerinde ne t\u00fcr yerler yap\u0131yor?<strong>(3)<\/strong><em><br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma4.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"720\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33414\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Chelsea\u2019daki Truva At\u0131: High Line Park<\/strong><br \/>\nHigh Line Park, New York-Chelsea&#8217;da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Michael Bloomberg, terk edilmi\u015f tren y\u00fck hatt\u0131n\u0131n harika bir gezinti yoluna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin &#8220;kentin gelece\u011fine ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir hediye&#8221; olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma5.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"742\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33415\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma6.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\u201c450\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33416\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Harika yerler, kimin i\u00e7in? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kamusal alanda tasar\u0131m i\u00e7in y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen kabullerden biri de \u201cgreat places benefit everyone\u201d (harika yerler herkese yarar) slogan\u0131 etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen bir meslek eti\u011fiydi. Bu tasar\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ya da yerinden etmeden ziyade t\u00fcm sakinleri bir araya getirecek bir mek\u00e2n aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek derinlerde yerle\u015fik etnik ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal kayg\u0131lar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n<p>\u015eehirleri daha &#8216;ya\u015fanabilir&#8217; yapma \u00e7abas\u0131 parklar, plazalar ve mutlu yayalar anlam\u0131na gelir. Ancak belki de ger\u00e7ek, daha steril ve \u00f6zde\u015f olarak yeniden tasarlanan alanlar\u0131n art\u0131k kamusal alan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.  <\/p>\n<p>Bir park\u0131n az kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fimizde itiraz etti\u011fimiz \u015fey siyah, Latin ya da evsiz ve yoksul insanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f profesyoneller taraf\u0131ndan az kullan\u0131lan\u201d diyerek kayg\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 netle\u015ftirmeliyiz.<\/p>\n<p>\u2018Kamusal alan\u0131 aktive etme\u2019 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftu\u011fumuzda, bu alanlarda mevcutta kimin aktif oldu\u011funu -asl\u0131nda gidecek ba\u015fka bir yeri olmayan insanlar hakk\u0131nda- da konu\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z. Bir faaliyeti arzu edilen veya istenmeyen olarak tan\u0131mlama, mek\u00e2n\u0131 \u2018harika bir yer\u2019 veya \u2018kabataslak bir yer\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlama yetene\u011fi planc\u0131lar\u0131n ve mimarlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizce uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Tasarlan\u0131rken y\u0131lda tahmini 300 bin kullan\u0131c\u0131 beklenen High Line Park\u2019\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 milyon ki\u015fi ziyaret etti. Bir zamanlar end\u00fcstriyel binalar, otoparklar ve oto tamir i\u015fletmeleriyle bilinen mahalle \u015fimdi bir ucunda Whitney Amerikan Sanat M\u00fczesi&#8217;nin g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yeni binas\u0131 ve di\u011fer tarafta 25 milyar dolarl\u0131k g\u00f6kdelenlerle \u00e7evrili. <\/p>\n<p>High Line projesinin tamamlanmas\u0131 ile birlikte Bat\u0131 Chelsea\u2019da ve pist boyunca uzanan di\u011fer mahallelerde bir gayrimenkul geli\u015ftirme patlamas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Toplam ya\u015fam maliyeti h\u0131zla artt\u0131. Derin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u00f6kenlere sahip i\u015fletmeler bile kira art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sebebiyle bir \u00e7e\u015fit zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e maruz kalan mahalledeki m\u00fc\u015fterilerini kaybetti ve kapand\u0131. Marketler ve \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhaneler gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile i\u015fletmelerinin yerini h\u0131zla yeni butikler ve yeni sakinlerin zevklerine hitap eden egzotik restoranlar ald\u0131. <\/p>\n<p>High Line Park\u2019\u0131n mimar\u0131 Robert Hammond 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda CityLab\u2019a verdi\u011fi rop\u00f6rtajda &#8220;Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar, mevcutta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli gruplar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 alanlarda yerle\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in High-Line Park\u2019\u0131n avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorlarsa, bu art\u0131k farkl\u0131 bir top oyunu.&#8221; diyerek asl\u0131nda gelinen noktay\u0131 \u00f6zetliyor. <\/p>\n<p>Park\u0131 kim kullan\u0131yor sorusunun cevab\u0131 da asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok net g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Mahalledeki sakinlerin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi siyah ve Latin olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen park kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu turist ve ezici bir \u015fekilde beyaz. Tasar\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda da toplulukla ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek istedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Hammond, <\/em><em>\u201cBunu mahalle i\u00e7in yapmak istedik ama sonu\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduk\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n<p>Chelsea mahallesinde ya\u015fayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir grubundaki toplu konut kirac\u0131lar\u0131yla bir dizi \u2018dinleme oturumu\u2019 yapan tasar\u0131m grubu ad\u0131na Hammond, insanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f ve daha uygun bir ya\u015fam maliyeti oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Sakinler ayr\u0131ca iki ana nedenden dolay\u0131 High Line&#8217;dan uzak durduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar: Onlar i\u00e7in in\u015fa edildi\u011fini hissetmediler, kendileri gibi kullanan insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmediler.<br \/>\n<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma10.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/yersavunma10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"860\" height=\"573\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33420\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nBelki de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken \u2018kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u2019\u0131n dinamikleridir. T\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n bir arada oldu\u011fu bir masada kat\u0131l\u0131m ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda hangi g\u00fcndemler tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor? <\/p>\n<p>High Line&#8217;\u0131n planlama a\u015famalar\u0131nda Hammond ve David, kamu konut kirac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015fimini sa\u011flamak ve tasar\u0131m hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini almak i\u00e7in yerel bir ofis kurdular. Ancak toplant\u0131larda sorduklar\u0131 sorular asl\u0131nda neydi: Mavi boya m\u0131 yoksa ye\u015fil boya m\u0131? Soldaki veya sa\u011fdaki merdivenler? Ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemli olan\u0131n fark\u0131na varamad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n<p>Hammond, park a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan ancak 7 y\u0131l sonra <em>\u201c\u015eimdi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Tasar\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi gerekti\u011fini sormak yerine, &#8216;Sizin i\u00e7in ne yapabiliriz?&#8217; diye sorsayd\u0131k, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar\u0131n tasar\u0131mdan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131 var.\u201d <\/em>diyebildi. <\/p>\n<p>High Line Park i\u00e7in kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir \u2018ba\u015far\u0131\u2019 denilebilir ama ayn\u0131 zamanda Manhattan&#8217;daki artan e\u015fitsizli\u011fin sembol\u00fc haline geldi. New York\u2019taki bu soylula\u015ft\u0131rma an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131 di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 muhtemel hatalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir mi? <\/p>\n<p>Soylula\u015ft\u0131rma ve yerinden olma endi\u015feleri, neoliberal kent d\u00fczeninde hemen hemen her yeni geli\u015fme ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu kamusal alanlar ve unutulmu\u015f mahallelerin belirli k\u00f6\u015felerini g\u00fczel parklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek oldu\u011funda, gelen bu dalgaya kar\u015f\u0131 koyabiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bar\u0131nma ve kent hakk\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u2018yer\u2019in savunulmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n<p><em>(1)Kamusal Alanlar Projesi (Project for Public Spaces(PPS)): New York&#8217;ta, topluluklar in\u015fa eden kamusal alanlar yaratmaya ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye adanm\u0131\u015f, kar amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen bir kurulu\u015ftur.<br \/>\n(2)Yerle\u015ftirme (Placemaking): Kamusal alanlar\u0131n planlanmas\u0131, tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimine \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Yerle\u015ftirme, insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mutlulu\u011funu ve refah\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eden kamusal alanlar yaratmak amac\u0131yla yerel bir toplulu\u011fun varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan, ilham\u0131ndan ve potansiyelinden yararlan\u0131r. Yer kimli\u011finin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi politiktir.<br \/>\n(3) 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Tamir Rice, elinde oyuncak silah tabanca var diye, 22 Kas\u0131m 2014\u2019te Ohio Cleveland\u2019da polis taraf\u0131ndan katledildi.  <\/em><br \/>\n<em><br \/>\n<strong>Meryem Ta\u015fdemir<br \/>\nMimar<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>politeknik.org.tr<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"High Line Park i\u00e7in kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir \u2018ba\u015far\u0131\u2019 denilebilir ama ayn\u0131 zamanda&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":33427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4723,1991],"tags":[5140,565,3712,5147,3208,5145,5146],"class_list":{"0":"post-33410","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-kent-ve-doga-yazilar","8":"category-yazilar","9":"tag-black-lives-matter","10":"tag-kentsel-donusum","11":"tag-manset","12":"tag-new-york","13":"tag-soylulastirma","14":"tag-yer-savunmasi","15":"tag-yerinden-edilme"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33410"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33410\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}