{"id":36290,"date":"2021-08-18T18:24:32","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T15:24:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/?p=36290"},"modified":"2021-08-22T11:20:23","modified_gmt":"2021-08-22T08:20:23","slug":"her-yagis-neden-taskina-donusuyor-neden-onlenemiyor-politeknik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/her-yagis-neden-taskina-donusuyor-neden-onlenemiyor-politeknik\/","title":{"rendered":"Her ya\u011f\u0131\u015f neden ta\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, y\u0131k\u0131m neden \u00f6nlen(e)miyor? – Politeknik"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yang\u0131nlarla, sellerle, ta\u015fk\u0131nlarla s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir d\u00f6nemi ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. \u00d6zellikle e\u011fimi y\u00fcksek bir co\u011frafyaya sahip Karadeniz\u2019de her y\u0131l farkl\u0131 yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 ta\u015fk\u0131nlarla sular alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yor, halk\u0131n ya\u015fam g\u00fcvenli\u011fi de yok ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Peki ta\u015fk\u0131nlar nas\u0131l olu\u015fuyor, neden kentler her ya\u011f\u0131\u015fta sular alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yor? Her ta\u015fk\u0131n sonras\u0131 \u201cBug\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz kadar ya\u011fd\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yapan Bakanlar, y\u00f6neticiler, yerel y\u00f6netim yetkilileri kendi sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor? Hepsine madde madde cevap vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m. \u0130\u015fte g\u00f6z g\u00f6re g\u00f6re gelen ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n anatomisi\u2026<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131n nedir, nas\u0131l olu\u015fur?<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201cTa\u015fk\u0131n\u201d akarsu kesitinin ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi maksimum debiden daha fazla debinin belirli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine gelmesi ile fazla suyun akarsu yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7an etkenler; ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u015fekli, zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle \u015fiddeti, s\u00fcresi, zamanla de\u011fi\u015fimi, bir \u00f6nceki ya\u011f\u0131\u015ftan sonra ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n havza i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 gibi meteorolojik fakt\u00f6rler olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cinsine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak zeminin ge\u00e7irimlilik oran\u0131 ve suya doygunluk derecesi, havzan\u0131n geometrisi, uzunlu\u011fu, alan\u0131 ve e\u011fimi ta\u015fk\u0131n olu\u015fumlar\u0131nda rol oynar.<\/p>\n

Yani teknik olarak ta\u015fk\u0131n, ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na, jeoteknik ve topo\u011frafik niteliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen do\u011fal bir olu\u015fumdur. Do\u011fal olmayan ise ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kurgulanan kentlerdir.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 nedir, nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/h5>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131; bir akarsuda ta\u015fk\u0131n meydana gelmesi durumunda, sular\u0131n etkileyebilece\u011fi maksimum alan\u0131 g\u00f6steren s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r. Ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirlenirken akarsuda;<\/p>\n

\u2022 2, 25, 50, 100, 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k tekerr\u00fcr periyoduna (yinelenme zaman\u0131) sahip debiler (birim zamandaki su ak\u0131\u015f hacmi) hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Kaynak: @Mikdatca<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u2022 Akarsu yata\u011f\u0131ndan ve akarsu \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6pr\u00fc, menfez, b\u00fcz gibi yap\u0131lardan enkesitler al\u0131narak haritaland\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen debi de\u011ferleri ve haritalar kullan\u0131larak hidrolik modellemeler yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yani her akarsuyun bilimsel verilerle yarataca\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcretebilece\u011fi ta\u015fk\u0131n potansiyeli 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak hesaplanabilir durumdad\u0131r. 500 y\u0131lda bir gelme ihtimali olan en y\u00fcksek debi de\u011ferleri hesapland\u0131ktan sonra ta\u015fk\u0131n suyunun ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar, su derinli\u011fi ve su h\u0131z\u0131 belirlenir. B\u00f6ylelikle her akarsu i\u00e7in ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenir ve akarsuyun nas\u0131l davranaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden bilindi\u011fi i\u00e7in sonu\u00e7lar kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Yani merkezi ve yerel y\u00f6netimlerin \u201chi\u00e7 beklenmedik ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u201d ifadesi bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan anlams\u0131zd\u0131r, halka s\u00f6yledikleri yaland\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131n nas\u0131l y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hale gelir?<\/h5>\n

E\u011fimin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ve heyelan potansiyelinin de fazlala\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyalardaki akarsular\u0131n yataklar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zellikle Karadeniz\u2019in jeolojisi, dere yataklar\u0131na kom\u015fu yama\u00e7larda s\u0131k s\u0131k heyelanlar ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olur. Bu heyelan k\u00fctlelerinin dere yataklar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu dere yataklar\u0131nda suni ve stabil olmayan barajlar olu\u015fur. Bu barajlar, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede arkas\u0131nda su birikmesi sonucunda y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck su k\u00fctleleri, rusubat diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan (a\u011fa\u00e7, ot vb.) par\u00e7al\u0131 maddeler ile birlikte ak\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7er. B\u00f6ylece y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\/potansiyeli artarak ak\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7en sular, g\u00fczergah\u0131 boyunca ak\u0131\u015f yolu \u00fczerinde ta\u015fk\u0131nlara neden olur.<\/p>\n

\"\"Akarsular\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 ta\u015fk\u0131nlar bu denli hesaplanabilir iken her ya\u011fmurda yerle\u015fim yerlerinin sular alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedenleri; akarsu yata\u011f\u0131na yap\u0131lan uygunsuz m\u00fcdahaleler (kesitinin daralt\u0131lmas\u0131, do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi), ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilerek imara a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n\/kentlerin kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kurals\u0131z, plans\u0131z kentle\u015fme ve yerel\/merkezi y\u00f6netimlerin kentsel ranttan vazge\u00e7memeleri sellere, ta\u015fk\u0131nlara a\u00e7\u0131k yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

Kamu kurumlar\u0131, hastaneler, okullar gibi kamusal hizmet veren yap\u0131lar i\u00e7in de \u00f6zellikle Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesindeki kentlerde dere ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde planlamalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

Afet durumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in acil durum planlar\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irilmiyor. Afet sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fam g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayacak kamusal hizmet yap\u0131lar\u0131 ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sular alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in halk\u0131n ya\u015fam g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bir kez daha yok say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyor.\"\"<\/p>\n

Acilen al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemler<\/h5>\n

Su ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

– \u00dclke genelinde ta\u015fk\u0131n tehlike haritalar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131, ta\u015fk\u0131n tehlike haritas\u0131na g\u00f6re netle\u015ftirilen ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde herhangi bir yap\u0131ya izin verilmemeli ve ta\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki mevcut yap\u0131lar kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak ta\u015fk\u0131n alanlar\u0131 acilen bo\u015falt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– HES\u2019ler dahil derelerin do\u011fal yata\u011f\u0131, ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bozulmamal\u0131, dere kesiti daralt\u0131lmamal\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Dere yata\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan ‘kaz\u0131 malzemesi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc, yataktan kum, \u00e7ak\u0131l al\u0131m\u0131’ faaliyetleri engellenmelidir. Derelerin temizli\u011fi yap\u0131lmal\u0131, havzan\u0131n bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, havzadaki t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fimler kontrol edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

– Dere yataklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunan k\u00f6pr\u00fc menfez ve benzeri ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131 tek tek et\u00fcd edilmeli, yap\u0131lar\u0131n ta\u015fk\u0131n debilerine uygunluklar\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir. Bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n t\u0131kanmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u00f6nleyici yap\u0131lar in\u015fa edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

– \u00dcst havzada tersip bendi, ta\u015fk\u0131n \u00f6teleme yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve benzeri yap\u0131lar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tersip bentleri kum, ta\u015f, k\u00fct\u00fck, \u00e7al\u0131 ve benzeri malzemelerin alt havzaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Aksi durumda \u00fcst havzadan gelecek olan bu malzemeler dere kesitini daraltabilir.<\/p>\n

– Ta\u015fk\u0131n potansiyeli olan b\u00f6lgelerde acil durum planlar\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irilmeli, \u00f6nlemlere ra\u011fmen do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde olu\u015fabilecek ta\u015fk\u0131nlar \u00f6ncesinde acil durum uyar\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131, kurtarma ekip ve donan\u0131mlar\u0131 haz\u0131r hale getirilmelidir. Ta\u015fk\u0131n an\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak tahliye planlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmal\u0131 ve tatbikatlar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Tehlikeli g\u00f6r\u00fclen akarsularda yukar\u0131 havzada suyun y\u00fckseldi\u011fini haber veren \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletleri ve siren gibi erkan uyar\u0131 sistemleri kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bakanl\u0131k ta\u015fk\u0131n haritalar\u0131na sahip, AKP iktidar\u0131 \u00f6nlem alm\u0131yor<\/h5>\n

Ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n nas\u0131l y\u00f6netilece\u011fi, ta\u015fk\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00f6nlemler al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 bilimsel verilerle sabit. Meslek ve bilim insanlar\u0131, hem ta\u015fk\u0131nlar konusunda yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l planlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, hem de akarsularda al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemleri y\u0131llard\u0131r dile getiriyor.<\/p>\n