Ad\u0131n\u0131z Mustafa \u2026 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan n\u00fckleer santraller, itirazlara ra\u011fmen hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015f\u2026 N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r bak\u0131m\u0131 yapan ta\u015feronda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir i\u015f\u00e7isiniz\u2026 Santralin y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde, 10 g\u00fcnde tamamlanmas\u0131 gereken bak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, verimlilik ve maliyet hesab\u0131yla 5 g\u00fcnde tamamlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026 Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn do\u011frudan radyoaktiviteye maruz b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde bak\u0131m yapacak i\u015f\u00e7ilerden birisiniz\u2026 Y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak maruz kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z limit yasal olarak belirlenmi\u015f; ama y\u00f6neticileriniz maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z radyasyonu \u00f6l\u00e7en dozimetreyi tehlikeli b\u00f6lgeye girerken d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakmaya sizi zorluyor\u2026 Acele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan kaynakl\u0131 bir sorun nedeniyle radyasyona maruz kald\u0131n\u0131z\u2026 Bu olay\u0131 kimseye bildirmeme bask\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yorsunuz\u2026 Y\u00f6netime ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015fyeri hekimi \u201cintihara meyilli oldu\u011funuz i\u00e7in tehlikeli b\u00f6lgeye bilerek girdi\u011finizi\u201d rapor ederek su\u00e7u size y\u0131kt\u0131\u2026 Y\u0131ll\u0131k yasal radyasyona maruziyet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011finiz i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ta\u015feron firma taraf\u0131ndan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131n\u0131z, yerinize benzer \u015fartlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ba\u015fka i\u015f\u00e7i al\u0131nd\u0131\u2026 35 ya\u015f\u0131nda kanser oldunuz\u2026 Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n i\u015f kazas\u0131 oldu\u011funu, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z radyasyondan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayacak belgeler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayamad\u0131n\u0131z\u2026<\/p>\n
Sizce, i\u015fyerinde kurulan i\u015f ili\u015fkisi iki \u00f6zg\u00fcr bireyin, ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 serbest\u00e7e belirleyerek kurduklar\u0131 e\u015fit bir ili\u015fki midir? Peki, i\u015fyerinde ya\u015fanan bir kazada sorumlu kimdir? Sigortan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6demeler ile i\u015fverenin (e\u011fer mahkum edilirse) \u00f6deyece\u011fi tazminatlar olu\u015fan ac\u0131lar\u0131 ne kadar tazmin edebilir? Bilerek \u00f6l\u00fcmlere yol a\u00e7an y\u00f6neticilerin cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 adil midir? \u0130\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri, i\u015fyeri hekimleri, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131, bilim insanlar\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te g\u00f6revlerini ne kadar yerine getiriyor?<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zararl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong> Giri\u015fte verdi\u011fimiz \u00f6rnek, Fransa\u2019daki n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ge\u00e7ici, g\u00fcvencesiz, ta\u015feron i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan Th\u00e9baud-Mony taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lan bir \u00f6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye uyarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019li milyonlarca emek\u00e7i ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki kurgumuzdan \u00e7ok daha vah\u015filerini her g\u00fcn i\u015fyerlerinde ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rnek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131m\u0131z, maalesef, yok. Ama, de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerden i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve olu\u015fan direni\u015fleri bize ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u201ci\u015f\u201d s\u00fcrecini sorgulatan \u00f6rnekler ufkumuzu a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u201c\u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131- \u0130\u015f\u00e7i (\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan) Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d meselesi<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1971\u2019den 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalan 1475 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nda \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d olarak kullan\u0131lan tan\u0131mlama, 4857 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nda ise \u201ci\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131ma yap\u0131lan itirazlar ise s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201culuslar aras\u0131 kullan\u0131m bu \u015fekildedir\u201d denilerek cevaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin kitab\u0131 bize, bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye mahsus bir tart\u0131\u015fma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerinde de soruna emekten yana bakanlarla, sermayeden yana bakanlar\u0131n (1) bu kavram \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 bilerek tehlikeye atma su\u00e7u<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda sorumlulu\u011fu olanlar ceza y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u201ctaksirle\u201d veya \u201cbilin\u00e7li taksirle\u201d yaralama\/\u00f6l\u00fcme neden olmak su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Taksir, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nda \u201cdikkat ve \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n su\u00e7un kanun\u00ee tan\u0131m\u0131nda belirtilen neticesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7li taksir ise \u201cki\u015finin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc neticeyi istememesine kar\u015f\u0131n, neticenin meydana gelmesi\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan yaralanmas\u0131 veya \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan taksirli su\u00e7larda yarg\u0131lananlara olay\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re 1 y\u0131l ile 22,5 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda ceza verilebilmektedir. Ancak, mahkemeler yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini a\u011f\u0131rdan almakta, asli yetkili ve sorumlular\u0131 de\u011fil, genellikle daha tali d\u00fczeyde karar alma yetkisi olanlar\u0131 yarg\u0131lay\u0131p cezaland\u0131rmakta, verilen cezalar s\u0131kl\u0131kla ertelenmekte veya para cezas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sarayburnu \u0130SK\u0130 \u015fantiyesinde bir vincin k\u0131r\u0131larak par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunda Harita M\u00fchendisi G\u00fclseren Yurtta\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili ceza davas\u0131nda mahkeme \u00f6nce 3 ki\u015fiye 1 y\u0131l 8 ay ile 2 y\u0131l 6 ay hapis cezas\u0131 verip, sonra hapis cezalar\u0131n\u0131 toplam 48.500 tl para cezas\u0131na \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir (politeknik.org.tr, 2011).<\/p>\n Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin kitab\u0131ndan anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar\u0131yla Fransa\u2019da da ceza kanunlar\u0131 ve mahkemelerin i\u015fleyi\u015fi benzer \u015fekildedir. Ancak, Th\u00e9baud-Mony i\u015fverenlerin ve y\u00f6neticilerin, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n sonucunu \u00f6ng\u00f6rebildiklerini, buna ra\u011fmen sa\u011fl\u0131k risklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi tercih ettiklerini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle de \u201cba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 bilerek tehlikeye atma su\u00e7u\u201dndan yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r ve cezas\u0131 \u201ctaksirli su\u00e7lardan\u201d daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n Sa\u011fl\u0131k zararlar\u0131n\u0131n gecikmeli olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 veya zararlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131ksa bile bildirim yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ok\u00e7a ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kayda ge\u00e7erken meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ise neredeyse hi\u00e7 tespit edilmemektedir.<\/p>\n D\u00fcnyadaki genel ortalamalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de her y\u0131l en az 35.000 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgusunun saptanmas\u0131 beklenmektedir (MMO, 2012, s. 52). Oysa, SGK taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan istatistiklerde meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 533\u2019le s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r, ve bu say\u0131 beklenebilecek asgari say\u0131n\u0131n ancak %1,5\u2019u kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bir tesad\u00fcf veya bir istatistik kay\u0131t beceriksizli\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fhis edilmesi sistematik olarak zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. En ba\u015fta i\u015f\u00e7ilere, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na neden olabilecek etkenler hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmemektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flerinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmemekte, bilseler de kan\u0131tlayamamaktad\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 bu konuda bilgilendirebilecek ve y\u00f6nlendirebilecek sendikalara ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlere i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011fu sahip de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015fyeri hekimleri ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131 (i\u015fyerinde e\u011fer var iseler) genellikle \u00f6nleyici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bilgilendirme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7me g\u00f6revlerini yeterince yapmamaktad\u0131r. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fhis edebilecek hastaneler \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. \u0130\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015flerinin denetimleri \u00e7ok seyrektir. Bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair bulgular tespit edilse dahi, bunun kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve SGK taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi me\u015fakkatli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131k s\u0131k i\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finden dolay\u0131, meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hangi i\u015fyerinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a zordur. Bu tespit edilememe hali sonucunda bir \u201csigorta\u201d kurulu\u015fu olan SGK i\u015f\u00e7iye yapaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6demelerden; i\u015fveren ise ceza davalar\u0131ndan, tazminatlardan ve SGK\u2019n\u0131n r\u00fccu davalar\u0131ndan kurtulmaktad\u0131r. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7iler ve aileleri ta\u015f\u0131mak zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u201cMeslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirimi ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, tuzaklarla ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamalarla dolu zahmetli bir yoldur ve genelde, en iyi olas\u0131l\u0131kla, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 miktarda bir tazminatla, en k\u00f6t\u00fc olas\u0131l\u0131kla, reddedilmeyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Redden sonra ilgili ki\u015fi \u0131srar ederse, bu ki\u015finin hayat\u0131 davalarla, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131yla, duru\u015fmalarla ge\u00e7ecektir.\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 257-258)<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fverenler, \u00f6zellikle meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda, \u201cnas\u0131l olsa hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tespit edilmeyece\u011finden\u201d hareketle olduk\u00e7a rahatt\u0131r. \u0130\u015flenen su\u00e7lar tespit edilmedi\u011finden dolay\u0131 sorumlular cezas\u0131z kalmakta ve dahas\u0131 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 bilinerek yap\u0131lan faaliyetler \u015firketlerin karl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u015f kazalar\u0131 i\u015fverenler, i\u015fyeri hekimleri, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131, SGK, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan el birli\u011fiyle has\u0131r alt\u0131 edilmektedir.<\/p>\n M\u00fchendis, uzman ve doktorlar\u0131n durumu<\/strong> Bizce bu konuda, sessiz kalan uzmanlar sadece kendi \u00f6deyecekleri bedeller nedeniyle sessiz kalm\u0131yor; ya\u015fananlar\u0131 i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal gereklilikleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Hem kendi pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6neliyorlar, hem de e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinde ald\u0131klar\u0131 bilgiler onlar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendiriyor.<\/p>\n Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin meslek okullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki saptamas\u0131 bizce m\u00fchendislik, t\u0131p vb. uzmanl\u0131k dallar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir:<\/p>\n (Meslek okullar\u0131nda-bn) \u201c\u00d6\u011fretilen bilgiler gen\u00e7leri, i\u015fyerinde ve meslek risklerinde kendi g\u00fcvenli\u011finden kendisini sorumlu tutan \u00e7ok ki\u015fisel bir ili\u015fkinin i\u00e7ine itiyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015f organizasyonunu hesaba katmadan \u00fcstlenilecek bir sorumluluk bu. Bu mant\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re gen\u00e7lerin, i\u015fletme ve toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda haklar\u0131 yok ama \u00f6devleri var. Bu meslek e\u011fitiminin referans de\u011ferleri, pazarda bir yer\u00a0kapman\u0131n, yani uyum ve boyun e\u011fmenin de\u011ferleridir. Okul bu gen\u00e7lere, i\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in susmak gerekti\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretiyor\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 36)<\/p>\n Tuzla tersaneler b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fanan \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kazalar nedeniyle bu tersanelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gemi m\u00fchendislerinin tutuklanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Gemi M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yaparak \u2018m\u00fchendislerin sorumlu de\u011fil, ma\u011fdur\u2019 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir (Gemi M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, 2009). Benzer i\u00e7erikte bir a\u00e7\u0131klama 450 m\u00fchendisin imzas\u0131yla da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. TMMOB eski y\u00f6neticilerinden \u0130hsan Karababa, m\u00fchendisleri \u201csorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kendilerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6rmekle ve sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131ma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olmamas\u0131yla\u201d ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (Karababa, 2010). Karababa, s\u00f6zkonusu m\u00fchendislerin \u201cta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun gerektirdi\u011fi hak ve yetkileri talep etmemi\u015f ya da edememi\u015f\u201d oldu\u011funu belirtmekte durumu \u015f\u00f6yle tespit etmektedir:<\/p>\n \u201cM\u00fchendisler, i\u00e7ine itildikleri bu ko\u015fullara boyun e\u011fme yerine ko\u015fullar\u0131 savunduklar\u0131 de\u011ferler do\u011frultusunda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirlerdi. Bunun yerine tak\u0131n\u0131lan edilgen tav\u0131r m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, bilerek ya da bilmeyerek, sadece bilimsel ve teknolojik uygulama ve i\u015fverenin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmakla ilgili bir konuma indirgemi\u015ftir\u201d (Karababa, 2010).<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekten de, ya\u015fanan sorunlarda as\u0131l sorumlular sermaye sahipleri ve temel kararlar\u0131 alan y\u00f6neticilerdir. Ancak, m\u00fchendisler, uzmanlar ve doktorlar bilgilerinin gere\u011fini yapabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeli ve \u00e7aba harcamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin kitab\u0131nda da bir \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi verilen bir su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmekten ka\u00e7amamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bilimin s\u0131nav\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Kitapta y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7arpan bir ger\u00e7eklik ise bilimin ve bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n sermayenin su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmek, s\u0131radan insanlar\u0131n bile g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorunlar\u0131 belirsizle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fidir:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2026 doktorlar\u0131n, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n, bilirki\u015filerin sorumlulu\u011funa geliyoruz; i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 ya tehlikeyi bilin\u00e7li olarak dikkate alm\u0131yor ya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ve halk\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131ndan sorumlu olduklar\u0131na dair duyulan \u015f\u00fcpheyi besliyorlar. Baz\u0131 bilgiler ve bu bilgileri yayma olanaklar\u0131 ellerinde oldu\u011fu halde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerine ve meslek risklerini ili\u015fkin bir yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincinin geli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rmeyi hi\u00e7 de umursamayanlara boyun e\u011fmeyi kabul etti. \u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi alan\u0131nda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin \u201cekonomik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dyla s\u00fcrekli olarak ayn\u0131 denkleme yerle\u015ftiren bir t\u0131bb\u0131n ve bir bilimin ba\u015fvuru kriterleri olarak ekonomik buyruklar\u0131 benimsediler.\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 17)<\/p>\n Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin bu konuda verdi\u011fi \u00f6rneklerden birisi asbestin zararlar\u0131n\u0131n insanlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen, bunun bilimsel kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzun zaman alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 hakk\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn ILO rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada her y\u0131l 100.000 ki\u015fi asbest kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmektedir (MMO, 2012, s. 2). Oysa insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararlar\u0131 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren farkedilmeye ba\u015flanan \u201casbest\u201d in (amyant) i\u015f\u00e7iler ve t\u00fcm etkilenenler i\u00e7in bir tehlike kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilmesi, \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve en sonunda bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yasaklanmas\u0131 100 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda asbest kullan\u0131m\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f(2) ; 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle de k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar geni\u015fletilerek asbest liflerinin ve bu liflerin kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak eklendi\u011fi e\u015fyalar\u0131n \u00fcretilemeyece\u011fi, piyasaya arz edilemeyece\u011fi ve kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir .(3)<\/p>\n Zararlar\u0131 bug\u00fcn reddedilemez \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen asbestin \u00fcretilmesi ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 neden bu kadar uzun s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc asbest \u00fcreten \u015firketler her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntemle bu konudaki uyar\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131 da \u201czararlar\u0131n istatistiksel olarak kan\u0131tlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d gerek\u00e7esiyle onlara destek \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 185-192). Yasaklaman\u0131n gecikti\u011fi her y\u0131l 100 binlerce insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve gelecekte de s\u00fcrecektir. Benzer \u015fekilde, s\u00f6zde bilimsel ku\u015fkuculukla ger\u00e7eklerin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn karart\u0131lmas\u0131 radyoaktivite ile kanser ili\u015fkisinde de uzun s\u00fcre ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Anlat\u0131lan bizim hikayemizdir<\/strong> Th\u00e9baud-Mony bize ta\u015feronla\u015ft\u0131rma yoluyla kaza ve hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u015firketlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131; tehlikeli i\u015flerin (asbestli gemi s\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc gibi) kapitalist merkezlerden Hindistan gibi yoksul \u00fclkelere kayd\u0131r\u0131larak tehlikelerin ihra\u00e7 edilmesi; mahkemelerin i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 davalar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r ve i\u015fverenlere ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc, ama i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131 insafs\u0131z i\u015fleyi\u015fi; sendikalar\u0131n ekonomik nedenlerle meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geli\u015fi gibi konularda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rnek sunuyor. \u00d6te yandan, i\u015f\u00e7i ve halk insiyatiflerinin, bazen de sendikalar\u0131n verdikleri m\u00fccadelelerle kazan\u0131lan ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli m\u00fccadele deneyimleri ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Tersanelerde ya\u015fanan i\u015f cinayetlerinin Limter-\u0130\u015f Sendikas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen m\u00fccadeleyle \u00fclke g\u00fcndemine sokularak baz\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 sendikal hareketin y\u00fcz ak\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kot kumlama i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin silikozis sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum olduklar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadeleyle kamuoyuna duyurulmas\u0131 ve kot kumlaman\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131; Davutpa\u015fa\u2019da, OST\u0130M\u2019de yaralanan ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin eylemleri ve dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131; \u0130stanbul \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Meclisi \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlard\u0131r. Ad\u0131mlar \u00e7o\u011falmal\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n *Ertu\u011frul Bilir<\/strong> Notlar: (2) \u201cAsbestle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nlemleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u201d RG Tarih: 26.12.2003, RG Say\u0131: 25328. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck Tarihi: 15.04.2006<\/p>\n (3) Baz\u0131 Tehlikeli Mal Baz\u0131 Tehlikeli Maddelerin, M\u00fcstahzarlar\u0131n Ve E\u015fyalar\u0131n \u00dcretimine, Piyasaya Arz\u0131na Ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik. RG Tarihi: 26.12.2008, RG Say\u0131: 27092 M\u00fckerrer<\/p>\n Kaynak\u00e7a:
\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ve asbestin \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 savunan Ban-Asbestos kolektifinin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Frans\u0131z sosyolog Annie Th\u00e9baud-Mony\u2019nin kitab\u0131,\u00a0\u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa Zararl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d\u00a0ad\u0131yla T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrildi. Bu \u00f6nemli kitap vesilesiyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de \u00e7ok\u00e7a ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve k\u0131smen tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 tekrar ele almakta yarar var.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cS\u00f6zc\u00fckler yans\u0131z de\u011fil. \u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmekle, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmek ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor. \u201c\u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d soyut bir ger\u00e7ek olarak g\u00fcvenlik kurallar\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u00fczenlemelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn nesnesi durumunda. Bu konulardaki eksiklikler \u201cinsan kusuru\u201dna; \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ya da teknik i\u015fleyi\u015fte \u201car\u0131za\u201dya g\u00f6nderme yapar. (\u2026) Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ise, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131nda alt \u00fcst ili\u015fkilerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131, kolektif ve bireysel bir tarihin \u00f6zneleri olarak kad\u0131nlara ve erkeklere g\u00f6nderme yapar\u201c (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 147).<\/p>\n
\n\u201cBir i\u015fletme y\u00f6neticisi ya da bir emir verici, tehlikelerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bir riske \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 maruz b\u0131rak\u0131rken hesapl\u0131 kitapl\u0131 bir kararl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7indedir; bu kararl\u0131l\u0131k, riskin olas\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman gecikmeli etkilerinden al\u0131r g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc. Sa\u011fl\u0131k zararlar\u0131 ancak gelecekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; o halde ayn\u0131 riske maruz kalarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hepsi hasta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu zararlar da varsay\u0131mdan ibarettir. Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6netici ya da emir verici, meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiriminin yap\u0131lmama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da benzer \u015fekilde g\u00fcvenir; bildirim yoklu\u011fu, tazminat\u0131n t\u00fcm y\u00fck\u00fcnden onu kurtar\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu riske maruz b\u0131rakman\u0131n somut sa\u011fl\u0131k etkilerini tamam\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lar.\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 48)<\/p>\n
\n\u201c\u0130\u015fyeri doktorlar\u0131 ne yap\u0131yor? \u0130\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri ve kontrol\u00f6rleri ne yap\u0131yor? Sendikalar ne yap\u0131yor? Bu farkl\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin bilgilerini ve kendi bilgilerimizi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak \u015f\u00f6yle sormak daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r: Bu akt\u00f6rlerin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n onur, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve hayat haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mesini engelleyen \u015fey nedir?\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 147)
\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011finde m\u00fchendislerin, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve i\u015fyeri hekimlerinin konumu ve etkileri s\u00fcrekli bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. M\u00fchendislerin, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131n ve i\u015fyeri hekimlerinin de i\u015f g\u00fcvencesinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverenler taraf\u0131ndan kolayca i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmekle de kalmay\u0131p sonras\u0131nda da i\u015f bulmakta zorlanacaklar\u0131 \u00fclkemizin ger\u00e7eklerindendir. Ancak, sorun bundan ibaret de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\nBir asbest i\u015f\u00e7isinin tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fi, her zaman sakat b\u0131rak\u0131r. Madenciler ci\u011ferlerini t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00c7elik fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan delikanl\u0131lar\u0131n parmaklar\u0131 kesiktir. Do\u011framac\u0131lar\u0131n da parmaklar\u0131ndan birka\u00e7\u0131 yoktur. Mesle\u011fin t\u00fcm haritas\u0131 bedeninizde \u00e7izilidir.\u201d (Th\u00e9baud-Mony, 2012, s. 74)<\/p>\n
\n Makina M\u00fchendisi, \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Uzman\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n(1) \u201c\u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ve buna uygun yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sahiplenenlerin hepsinin, bilin\u00e7li olarak sermayeyi savunduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmiyoruz. Bu kesimin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yasalarda, okullarda, egemen bas\u0131n-yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda bu terminoloji kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 biricik do\u011fru sanmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\n– Th\u00e9baud-Mony, Annie (2012).\u00a0\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa Zararl\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul
\n– MMO (2012)\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi. Oda Raporu.\u00a0Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 4. Bask\u0131, MMO, Ankara Web: www.mmo.org.tr\/resimler\/dosya_ekler\/e2a852565a099c2_ek.pdf
\n– politeknik.org.tr (2011). G\u00fclseren Yurtta\u015f Davas\u0131nda 225 bin lira Tazminat. Web: politeknik.org.tr\/site\/index.php\/guncel\/2851-gulseren-yurttas-davasinda-225-bin-lira-tazminat.html
\n– Gemi M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 (2009)\u00a0M\u00fchendisler \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cG\u00fcnah Ke\u00e7ileri\u201d Olamaz.\u00a0Endaze (22 Haziran 2009) s. 4. Web: http:\/\/www.gmo.org.tr\/documents\/file\/endaze__ 22.06.2009_.pdf
\n– Karababa, \u0130hsan (2010)\u00a0Tersane \u00d6l\u00fcmleri ve M\u00fchendislerin Belletilmi\u015f \u00c7aresizli\u011fi.\u00a0Web: www.radikal.com.tr\/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalHaberDetay&ArticleID= 979120&Date=08.02.2010&CategoryID=99<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ad\u0131n\u0131z Mustafa \u2026 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan n\u00fckleer santraller, itirazlara ra\u011fmen hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015f\u2026 N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r bak\u0131m\u0131 yapan ta\u015feronda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir i\u015f\u00e7isiniz\u2026\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4717],"tags":[1575,989,1574],"class_list":{"0":"post-3786","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-calisma-yasami","8":"tag-calismak-sagliga-zararlidir","9":"tag-ertugrul-bilir","10":"tag-meslegin-haritasi-bedenimizde-cizilidir"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3786","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3786"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3786\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3786"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3786"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}