Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u0130le Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye ile Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f kazas\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funun AB \u00fcyelerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm yo\u011funlu\u011funun ise \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de SGK verilerine g\u00f6re hesaplanan 100 bin i\u015f\u00e7ide \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc i\u015f kazas\u0131 oran\u0131 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda 12.3 iken, AB-15 ortalamas\u0131 2.1\u2019dir ve Portekiz\u2019de 6.3, Almanya\u2019da 1.8, Fransa\u2019da 2.2, Norve\u00e7\u2019te ise 1.0 olarak hesaplanmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7SGB, 2012, s. 36).<\/p>\n
AB-27 \u00fclkelerinde 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c3 g\u00fcnden fazla i\u015ften uzak kalmayla sonu\u00e7lanan\u201d kazalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 4 milyona yak\u0131n iken, i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda 4.900 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. \u00a02008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da 944 bin kaza sonucunda 616 \u00f6l\u00fcm; Fransa\u2019da 637 bin kaza sonucunda 289 \u00f6l\u00fcm; \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 223 bin kaza sonucunda 157 \u00f6l\u00fcm kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir\u00a0 (Eurostat, 2012, s. 192). AB \u00fclkelerinde ortalama olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en her 805 kaza sonucunda 1 \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortalama 110 i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu 1 \u00f6l\u00fcm kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7erken, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 41 kaza sonucunda 1 \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 ise 1995\u2019te 121 iken, 2011\u2019de 10\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 artarken kaza say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 bir tek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 giderek daha fazla kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanan kazalar hastanelere ve yarg\u0131ya yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, tam olarak de\u011filse bile, \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanmayan kazalara g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek oranda kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mektedir. 1995\u2019ten 2011\u2019e ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7te kaza say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ise, ancak sendikas\u0131z, kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131, ta\u015feron, ge\u00e7ici ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin artmas\u0131 sonucu bildirim sisteminin zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve kay\u0131t sisteminin daha iyi olmas\u0131 durumunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de beklenebilecek i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 SGK\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazla olacakt\u0131r. Ancak, tespit edilebilmesi \u00f6nlenmeyi ve sorumlular\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle de tespit edil(e)memektedir.<\/p>\n
SGK Verilerinin Kapsama Alan\u0131 \u00c7ok S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\nSSGSS Kanunu\u2019nda i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u201ckendi ad\u0131na ve hesab\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u201d sigortal\u0131lar da tan\u0131mlara dahildir. Ancak, SGK, i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin istatistikleri a\u00e7\u0131klarken 5510 say\u0131l\u0131 SSGSS Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 4-1\/a maddesi kapsam\u0131ndaki (hizmet akdine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) aktif sigortal\u0131lardan \u201czorunlu sigortal\u0131\u201d kategorisindekileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmaktad\u0131r. \u0130statistiklerde \u00e7\u0131raklar, tar\u0131mda hizmet akdiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ile kendi hesab\u0131na ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bilgileri yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle a\u00e7\u0131klanan veriler yasadaki kapsam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na u\u011frayanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 11.030 bin 4-1\/a kapsam\u0131nda zorunlu sigortal\u0131 varken; 517 bin 4-1\/a kapsam\u0131nda di\u011fer stat\u00fclerde sigortal\u0131; 3.273 bin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mevcuttur. SSGSS\u2019ye g\u00f6re i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin sigortan\u0131n kapsam\u0131nda olan 3.790 bin ki\u015fiyi SGK istatistikleri kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca devlet memuru (SSGSS\/md. 4-1\/c) stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunan 2.554 bin ki\u015fiyle birlikte toplamda 6.344 bin kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan (aktif sigortal\u0131lar\u0131n % 36,5\u2019i) i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin istatistiklerde yer almamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 istatistikleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lanlara ek olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yayg\u0131n bir kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k da mevcuttur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2011 sonunda kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n genelde %39; tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda ise %25.5 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011funda i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131nda olamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kaza ve Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n Hangi Y\u0131lda Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi Belirsizdir<\/strong><\/p>\nSGK taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan istatistiklerde veriler, \u201c\u2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015flemi tamamlanan i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 vak\u2019alar\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, SGK taraf\u0131ndan sunulan veriler, sunuldu\u011fu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanan olaylar\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u015flemleri tamamlanan olaylar\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ok olay\u0131n i\u015f kazas\u0131 veya meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u0131la yay\u0131lan mahkeme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sonras\u0131nda tespit edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, uzun vadede toplam vaka say\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fru olsa bile (ki do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanacakt\u0131r), SGK istatistiklerinden y\u0131llara g\u00f6re sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgi almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n
Meslek Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Verileri (Gizleme D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) Hi\u00e7bir Anlam Ta\u015f\u0131mamaktad\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise ger\u00e7eklikle hi\u00e7bir ilgisinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konuyla ilgili t\u00fcm taraflar taraf\u0131ndan bilinmektedir. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca her y\u0131l kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 y\u00fczl\u00fc rakamlarla ifade edilmi\u015ftir. 1995\u2019te 121, 1999\u2019da 168 olan meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcmler 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda birden bire 6\u2019ya inmi\u015f, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise s\u0131f\u0131ra kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. 2010 ve 2011 istatistiklerinde ise 10 \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n
Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilemedi\u011fi 2009-2013 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Ulusal \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Politika Belgesi\u2019nde de belirtilmi\u015ftir. Belgede kapsanan d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in, \u201cy\u00fczbin i\u015f\u00e7ide i\u015f kazas\u0131 oran\u0131n\u0131n %20 azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, beklenen ancak tespit edilememi\u015f meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vaka say\u0131s\u0131 tespitinin %500 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d hedefleri belirlenmi\u015ftir (MMO, 2012, s. 50). Ancak, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri bu hedeflerin yan\u0131ndan bile ge\u00e7ilememi\u015ftir. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda tespit edilen meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 429 iken, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 697\u2019den ibarettir. Maalesef, bu say\u0131lar hastal\u0131klar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, sadece ger\u00e7eklerin gizlendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\nT\u00dc\u0130K taraf\u0131ndan 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c\u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131 ve \u0130\u015fe Ba\u011fl\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Problemleri\u201d konulu bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2008). Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmada son 12 ay i\u00e7inde bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlara s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde bir i\u015f kazas\u0131 ge\u00e7irip ge\u00e7irmedikleri ve i\u015fe dayal\u0131 bir sa\u011fl\u0131k problemine maruz kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131klar\u0131 sorulmu\u015ftur. Cevap verenlerin %2.9\u2019u i\u015f kazas\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini, %3.7\u2019si ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. SSGSS Kanunu\u2019nda yap\u0131lan \u201cmeslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131yla insanlar\u0131n \u201ci\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131 olsa da, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fe daha yak\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar verdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden hareketle, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda SGK i\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 11.030 bin ki\u015finin 408 bin \u201ci\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k problemi\u201d ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilebilir. T\u00fcm sigortal\u0131lar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda ise \u201ci\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 642 bin\u2019e ula\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyada, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, her bin i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in y\u0131lda 4 ile 12 aras\u0131nda meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespiti beklenmektedir. Bu durumda 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 11 milyon kay\u0131tl\u0131 sigortal\u0131 i\u00e7in beklenen meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 44 bin ile 132 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n
ILO\u2019nun 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6re (G\u00fcrcanl\u0131, 2012) d\u00fcnyada her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 360 bin ki\u015fi i\u015f kazas\u0131, 1.950 bin ki\u015fi ise meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 olmak \u00fczere toplamda 2.300 bin ki\u015fi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmektedir. ILO, bildirim ve kay\u0131t sistemlerindeki eksikler nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclke i\u00e7in bu rakamlar\u0131n tahmin edilenlerden daha fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir.\u00a0 ILO verileri baz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde 1 i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 5.6 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm oldu\u011fu tahmin edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 2011 SGK istatistiklerinde ise 170 i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca 1 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm yer almaktad\u0131r. Oysa, i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle eksik oldu\u011funu bilmekle birlikte, baz al\u0131rsak; d\u00fcnyadaki meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\/i\u015f kazas\u0131 oran\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tahmini olarak 9.500 ki\u015finin meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 sonucu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
SGK Verileri Tutars\u0131zd\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\nAncak, SGK verilerindeki eksik ve yanl\u0131\u015flar yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klananlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamaktad\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok gariplik g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve bu verilerin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini iyice ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ciddiyetsizli\u011fin boyutunu g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere, \u00f6ncelikle ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llardaki istatistiklerden \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi verelim. SGK taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda 1.171 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan ise \u00f6len bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu veriler, AB\u2019nin meslek s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na g\u00f6re 99 faaliyet grubuna ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak sunulmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re \u201ck\u00f6m\u00fcr ve linyit \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d faaliyeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda 3; bina d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015faat\u0131nda 128; bina in\u015faat\u0131nda \u201c0\u201d (s\u0131f\u0131r) i\u015f\u00e7i hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Rakamlar, bas\u0131na yans\u0131yan olaylarla bile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bunun nedenini ise, son sat\u0131rda yer alan \u201cbilinmeyen\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011freniriz. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 istatisti\u011fine yans\u0131yan 1.171 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn %67\u2019sini olu\u015fturan 781 \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131n\u0131n hangi faaliyette ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 SGK tespit edememi\u015ftir. \u00dcstelik ilgili tablonun ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201c2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015flemi tamamlanan\u201d ifadesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. SGK kendisine bildirilmi\u015f olan i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015f, gerekli yasal prosed\u00fcrleri tamamlam\u0131\u015f, hangilerinin i\u015f kazas\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015f, ayl\u0131k ba\u011flama, hastane masraflar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, sorumlulara d\u00f6n\u00fck r\u00fccu davalar\u0131 ile ilgili i\u015flemleri tamamlam\u0131\u015f ve toplu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunmu\u015ftur. Ancak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015flemleri yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde \u00f6l\u00fcm olaylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinin madende mi, in\u015faatta m\u0131, metal imalat i\u015flerinde mi, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta m\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fini ifade etmektedir. \u00dcstelik de \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mahkeme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u00fcfetti\u015flerin ve bilirki\u015filerin raporlar d\u00fczenledikleri kazalar s\u00f6z konusudur. \u0130nsan merak ediyor: Yap\u0131lan inceleme nas\u0131l bir incelemedir?\u00a0 \u0130\u015flemler hangi temelde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? SGK, ger\u00e7ekten de bu \u00f6l\u00fcm olaylar\u0131n\u0131n hangi faaliyetlerde ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit edememi\u015f midir (ki b\u00f6yleyse \u00e7ok vahim), yoksa tespit etmi\u015f ama (b\u00f6yleyse daha da vahim) bu bilgiyi bizden saklam\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 verileri, asl\u0131nda \u201cbana g\u00fcvenmeyin, ben g\u00f6stermelik olarak yay\u0131nlan\u0131yorum<\/em><\/strong>\u201d diye bize ba\u011f\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Peki, di\u011fer y\u0131llardaki veriler daha tutarl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Maalesef de\u011fildir.<\/p>\nSGK en son olarak 2013 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ocak ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015flemleri tamamlanan i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin verileri yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu veriler, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde bas\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Bu verilere g\u00f6re 67.229 kaza i\u00e7inde faaliyet grubu bilinmeyen i\u015f kazas\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 559 ve bu kazalarda \u00f6len sigortal\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise 32\u2019dir. SGK, i\u015fi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Ama, maalesef bu da yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k olmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemel faaliyet gruplar\u0131ndan birisi, en \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetler i\u00e7inde 4. s\u0131rada yer alan \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 sanatlar, e\u011flence\u201d faaliyetleridir (\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, 2013). Bu faaliyetler g\u00f6steri sanatlar\u0131 (tiyatro, opera, bale, m\u00fczikal, orkestra ve bandolar, m\u00fczisyenlik, sunuculuk, mankenlik, akt\u00f6rl\u00fck, sirkler vb.) ve destekleyici faaliyetleri, sanatsal yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerini (yazarl\u0131k, bestekarl\u0131k, heykelt\u0131ra\u015fl\u0131k, ressaml\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z gazetecilik, sanat eserleri restorasyonu, sanat tesislerinin i\u015fletilmesi gibi i\u015fleri kapsamaktad\u0131r. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bu faaliyet grubunda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak i\u015f kazalar\u0131 istatistikleri kapsam\u0131na giren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 10.270 ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n
\u201cBina in\u015faat\u0131\u201d faaliyetlerinde 304, \u201ckara ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve boru hatt\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dnda 194, \u201c\u00f6zel in\u015faat faaliyetleri\u201dnde 148, \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 sanatlar, e\u011flence faaliyetleri\u201dnde 119 sigortal\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. 10.270 ki\u015finin zorunlu sigortal\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 sanatlar, e\u011flence faaliyetleri\u201d faaliyet grubu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir say\u0131. Bu sanatsal alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %1\u2019den fazlas\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kaybetmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u00dcstelik, bu faaliyet grubunda 118 ki\u015finin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine neden olan i\u015f kazas\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 3\u2019t\u00fcr (yaz\u0131yla \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u201d). 3 i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 sanatlar, e\u011flence faaliyetleri\u201d grubunda ayr\u0131ca 162 ki\u015fi de \u201cs\u00fcrekli i\u015f g\u00f6remez\u201d hale gelmi\u015ftir. Yani her bir kazada ortalama 54 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u00fcrekli i\u015f g\u00f6remezli\u011fe neden olacak bir maluliyete maruz kal\u0131rken, 40 i\u015f\u00e7i hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 kazalar\u0131 duyan bilen var m\u0131? 2009 istatistiklerine g\u00f6re hi\u00e7 kimsenin \u00f6lmedi\u011fi bu faaliyet grubunda, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 100, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 119 ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesine neden olan olgu nedir? Bilen var m\u0131? A\u00e7\u0131klayabilen var m\u0131?<\/p>\n
SGK\u2019n\u0131n da ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n son g\u00fcnlerinde \u201c\u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fine \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130\u015fyeri Tehlike S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 Tebli\u011fi\u201d ile \u201c\u0130\u015fyeri Tehlike S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 Listesi\u201dni yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu listede \u0130SG Kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde t\u00fcm meslek gruplar\u0131 \u201c\u00e7ok tehlikeli\u201d, \u201ctehlikeli\u201d ve \u201caz tehlikeli\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fyerlerinde i\u015fyeri hekimi ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzman\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131, hangi niteliklerde uzmanlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kritik kararlar bu tebli\u011fdeki s\u0131n\u0131flamalara g\u00f6re belirlenecektir. S\u00f6z konusu tebli\u011fe g\u00f6re \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, e\u011flence, dinlence ve spor\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer alan 13 meslek grubunun 11\u2019i \u201caz tehlikeli\u201d, 2\u2019si ise \u201ctehlikeli\u201d olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar\u0131 ile \u00c7SGB, kendisinin ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015fu olan SGK\u2019n\u0131n 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerini ciddiye almam\u0131\u015f ve en \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc faaliyet gruplar\u0131ndan olan bu grupta yer alan hi\u00e7bir i\u015fi \u201c\u00e7ok tehlikeli\u201d saymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu verinin de bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k oldu\u011funu kabul etti\u011fimizde, biz bu istatistiklerden nas\u0131l yararlanaca\u011f\u0131z. Asl\u0131nda i\u015f kazas\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla oldu\u011funu mu varsayaca\u011f\u0131z? Yoksa, asl\u0131nda di\u011fer faaliyet alanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yanl\u0131\u015f yere yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 varsayaca\u011f\u0131z?<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7: SGK Verilerine G\u00fcvenilmemelidir<\/strong><\/p>\nYukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi i\u015f\u00e7iler, uzmanlar, bilim insanlar\u0131, sendikalar vb. ger\u00e7ek rakamlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan memnun olurdu. Ancak, maalesef, i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcmler olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, istatistikler ger\u00e7e\u011fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 rakamlar\u0131 ise ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin istatistiksel \u00f6rnek olacak anlaml\u0131 bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bile yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Kurumu\u2019nun isminde her ne kadar \u201csosyal\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ge\u00e7se de neo-liberal kapitalizm d\u00f6neminin bir \u201csigorta \u015firketi\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmek daha do\u011fru gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Sigorta \u015firketlerini ise insanlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131 ve \u00e7ektikleri ac\u0131lar de\u011fil, ald\u0131klar\u0131 primler ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6demeler ilgilendirir. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 primleri art\u0131r\u0131rken, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6demeleri azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar ve verilerini de buna g\u00f6re olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131 boyunca anlat\u0131lan tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar, ilgili kamuoyu taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan bilinmekle birlikte, ba\u015fka veri kayna\u011f\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 SGK verileri temel al\u0131nmak zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r. Eurostat, ILO gibi uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar da SGK verilerini kullanmakta ve ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yan\u0131lt\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fcnen odur ki, \u00f6zellikle meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda SGK verilerinin ad\u0131n\u0131 bile anmamak gerekmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tahmin yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131lda en az 9.500 ki\u015finin meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi\u201d varsay\u0131m\u0131 SGK istatistiklerindeki \u201c10 ki\u015fi\u201d iddias\u0131ndan daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n
SGK b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet olanaklar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, rakamlar\u0131 bile do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn ver(e)memektedir. Bu yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bir \u00e7arp\u0131tmadan m\u0131 kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir beceriksizli\u011fin mi ifadesi oldu\u011fu ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak isteyenlerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgi kanallar\u0131n\u0131 kendilerinin olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00c7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcvenilmez veriler yerine ger\u00e7ek veriler, ger\u00e7ekten \u015fartlar\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek isteyenlerin ihtiyac\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nce sendika.org\u2019nin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130stanbul \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Meclisi\u2019nin derledi\u011fi veriler, hen\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alan\u0131 kapsamakla birlikte SGK verilerinden daha anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130stanbul \u0130S\u0130G Meclisi, ayl\u0131k \u0130\u015f Cinayetleri Raporlar\u0131\u2019nda SGK\u2019n\u0131n kapsama almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesimleri de kapsama almaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f cinayetlerine kurban giden insanlar\u0131n sadece rakamlardan ibaret alg\u0131lanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n hikayeleri anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, istikrarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sendikalar\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ek bir veri kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ertu\u011frul Bilir
\nMakina M\u00fchendisi<\/strong><\/p>\n(1)\u00a0 SSGSS Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re \u201cmeslekte kazanma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d %10\u2019dan fazla yitirenler, kay\u0131p oran\u0131na g\u00f6re hesaplanan \u201cs\u00fcrekli i\u015f g\u00f6remezlik\u201d gelirine hak kazanmaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n
Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n– \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00c7SGB). 2012. 6331 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu (Tan\u0131t\u0131m Bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc). Ankara: \u0130SGGM<\/p>\n
– Eurostat. 2012. Europe in Figures. Eurostat Yearbook 2012. Web: http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ITY_OFFPUB\/KS-CD-12-001\/EN\/KS-CD-12-001-EN.PDF (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.02.2012)<\/p>\n
–\u00a0G\u00fcrcanl\u0131, G\u00fcrkan Emre. 2012. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Bir D\u00f6nemselle\u015ftirme Denemesi. (Yay\u0131n Tarihi:07.12.2012) Web: www.guvenlicalisma.org<\/p>\n
–\u00a0MMO (Makina M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131). 2012. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Oda Raporu. (Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 4. Bask\u0131). Ankara: MMO<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, Kemal. 2013. AB ve T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. (Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Bildiri)<\/p>\n
–\u00a0SGK. \u0130statistik Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131<\/p>\n
–\u00a0T\u00dc\u0130K. 2008.\u00a0 2006-2007 \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131 ve \u0130\u015fe Ba\u011fl\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Problemleri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131. Haber B\u00fclteni. S.50. Mart 2008.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki istatistik ve kay\u0131t sistemlerinin eksiklik ve yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u0131llard\u0131r yak\u0131n\u0131r\u0131z. T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in i\u015fsizlik…\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4717,1991],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4229","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-calisma-yasami","8":"category-yazilar"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4229"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4229\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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