MMO \u0130stanbul \u015eubesi Eneri Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan n\u00fckleer enerji bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc; Bilimin insanl\u0131k ad\u0131na, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer \u00c7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k
\n6 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Hiro\u015fima ve 9 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Nagazaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan atom bombas\u0131 sonucu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden onbinlerce ki\u015fiyi sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7indekiler
\n1- Giri\u015f
\n2- Tarih\u00e7e
\n3- Uranyum
\n4- Plutonyum
\n5- Radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fadan yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131
\n6- N\u00fckleer Enerji Ekonomik Maliyeti
\n7- At\u0131k Ekonomik Maliyeti
\n8- D\u00fcnyada N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlerin Durumu
\n9- D\u00fcnyada N\u00fckleer Kazalar
\n10- Radyasyon insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiler
\n11-N\u00fckleer Silahlanma ve N\u00fckleer Karteller (Sava\u015f Tellallar\u0131)
\n12-Sonu\u00e7 ve de\u011ferlendirme<\/p>\n
1-Giri\u015f
\n6 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te saat 8.15\u2019te Timian\u2019 dan gelen Enola Gay adl\u0131 ABD sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya ilk atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131; bomba 20.000 T.N.T. g\u00fcc\u00fcndeydi. <\/p>\n
Patlama merkezinden ba\u015flayarak 2 km\u2019lik bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap i\u00e7inde kent b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yok oldu; 2 ile 4 km\u2019lik bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap i\u00e7inde kentin %85\u2019i ve 5 km\u2019lik bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap i\u00e7inde de %60\u2019\u0131 yerle bir oldu. \u00d6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 80.000 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylendi; ama bu say\u0131, kenti bombard\u0131man\u0131n odak noktas\u0131 yapan askeri tesislerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hiro\u015fima \u00fcss\u00fcndeki 100.000 askeri ve patlamadan bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6len binlerce ki\u015fiyi kapsamaz. Daha bu \u015fok ya\u015fan\u0131rken, ikinci bomba \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, 9 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc Nagazaki\u2019ye at\u0131ld\u0131. ABD\u2019nin, 2.d\u00fcnya (payla\u015f\u0131m) sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda, Japonya\u2019y\u0131 teslim almak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu bombalar\u0131n etkisi bug\u00fcn bile s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
Hiro\u015fima\u2019da yeniden kurulan an\u0131tlar\u0131n, bulvar ve parklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u201cb a r \u0131 \u015f\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2-Tarih\u00e7e
\n1896\u2019 da Frans\u0131z bilimci Becquerel\u2019in radyoaktiviteyi ke\u015ffinden iki y\u0131l sonra, yine Frans\u0131z bilimciler Bayan ve Bay Curie, radyoaktif element radyumu yal\u0131tmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1911\u2019 de Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n 3000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce do\u011fan\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 atomun ilk tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Danimarkal\u0131 bilimci Rutherford yapt\u0131. Bunu izleyen 20 y\u0131lda; dengeli-kararl\u0131 atomlar\u0131n, n\u00fckleer y\u00fcklerin, quantum mekani\u011finin, pozitronun ve uzun y\u0131llar bilimcileri merakland\u0131ran n\u00f6tronun ke\u015ffi ile nihayet ilk proton-n\u00f6tron n\u00fckleer modeli yani modern atom tablosu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde tamamland\u0131. 1938\u2019de, Alman bilimciler Hahn ve Strassmann, n\u00fckleer fizyonu ke\u015ffetti. 1942\u2019de ise \u0130talyan as\u0131ll\u0131 Enrico Fermi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, ABD\u2019 de Chicago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ilk deneysel n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r hale getirdi. Art\u0131k do\u011fan\u0131n temel g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, 1945\u2019te ilk atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019de imal edilmesi ve Japonya\u2019da \u2018denenmesiyle\u2019 kan\u0131tland\u0131.<\/p>\n
1953\u2019de ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Eisenhower \u2018Bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in Atom\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen program\u0131 resmen ba\u015flatt\u0131. O g\u00fcnden bu yana, sivil ama\u00e7l\u0131 n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7, ilgili devletlerin askeri n\u00fckleer silah program\u0131na politik ve ekonomik olarak ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak, so\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n olmazsa olmaz bir dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. N\u00fckleer kartellerce, N\u00fckleer Enerji ile N\u00fckleer silahlanman\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kamuoyundan s\u00fcrekli gizlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Oysa, askeri ve sivil n\u00fckleer sanayi, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, geli\u015ftirmeyi, personel ve finansman\u0131 payla\u015farak bug\u00fcne dek yanyana \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
3-Uranyum
\nDo\u011fal uranyum \u00fc\u00e7 izotoptan olu\u015fur; U-238, U-235, U-234, hepsi de radyoaktiftir. \u00c7ekirdeklerinde par\u00e7ac\u0131k veya dalga yayarak ba\u015fka elementlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n
U-238, do\u011fal uranyumun % 99,284\u2019\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc 4.456 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131r.
\nU-235, do\u011fal uranyumun % 0,711\u2019idir. Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc 704 milyon y\u0131ld\u0131r.
\nU-234, do\u011fal uranyumun % 0,005\u2019idir. Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc 245.000 y\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 tesisinin temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi:
\nUranyum, n\u00f6tronla bombard\u0131man edildi\u011finde fizyona girer ve bu i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z U-235 bir zincirleme reaksiyon olu\u015fturabilir. Zincirleme reaksiyonda her fizyon bir ba\u015fka fizyonu tetiklemeye yetecek kadar n\u00f6tron \u00fcretir ve b\u00f6ylece fizyon i\u015flemi bir d\u0131\u015f n\u00f6tron kayna\u011f\u0131 olmadan ilerleyebilir.<\/p>\n
U-235\u2019in, bir hafif su reakt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7indeki y\u00fczdesi %3, n\u00fckleer bomba yap\u0131m\u0131nda ise %90\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif Madde——-At\u0131k
\nReakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t olarak \u00fc\u00e7 kilogram zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f U-235 elde etmek i\u00e7in madenden 1000 ton uranyum \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Geri kalan\u0131 \u00e7ok yo\u011fun bir madde olan U-238\u2019dir. \u00c7elik konteyn\u0131rlarda saklan\u0131r yada kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131m alan\u0131:
\n* Konvansiyonel silahlar i\u00e7in mermi yap\u0131m\u0131
\n* Tanklar i\u00e7in z\u0131rh plakas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere Atom Enerjisi Kurumu yetkililerinin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re, K\u00f6rfez sava\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen m\u00fcdahale s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 adet U-238 mermisi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu radyoaktif maddelerin en az 40 tonu Irak ve Kuveyt topraklar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif Madde —- Uranyumun Madenden \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131
\nUranyumun madenden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda iki y\u00fcksek derecede kanserojen radyoaktif madde daha a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Yar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc 1600 y\u0131l olan ve alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yayan Radyum-226 ve akci\u011fer kanserine neden olan ve renksiz bir gaz olan , beta \u0131\u015f\u0131yan Radon-222.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uranyum
\nmadenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan madenciler, herg\u00fcn bu maddelere maruz kalmakta ve yayg\u0131n olarak akci\u011fer kanserine yakalanmaktad\u0131r.
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n
4-Plutonyum
\nPlutonyum bir n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rdeki fizyon reaksiyonu s\u0131ras\u0131nda yak\u0131t \u00e7ubuklar\u0131ndaki Uranyum-238\u2019in \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 sonucu elde edilen insan yap\u0131s\u0131 bir radyoaktif maddedir. Plutonyum\u2019 un k\u00fctle numaralar\u0131 237\u2019den 243\u2019e de\u011fi\u015fen 7 izotopu vard\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli izotoplar olan PU-238 ve PU-239 ticari ve askeri uygulamaya sahiptir.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer bir silahta kullan\u0131lan plutonyum miktar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ila be\u015f kilogram aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Ancak bir kilotonluk y\u0131k\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip bomba, bir kilogram silah s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Plutonyum-239 ile imal edilebilir. Uluslar aras\u0131 n\u00fckleer end\u00fcstri, askeri ve sivil plutonyum aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapar. Birincisi; silah s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r ve bomba i\u00e7in gerekli y\u00fczde 97-98 (y\u00fcksek) safl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda PU-239\u2019dur. \u0130kincisi ise g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan y\u00fczde 80-90 (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck) safl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yak\u0131t s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olan PU-239\u2019dur. Ancak her ikisi de bomba yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir ve ayn\u0131 biyolojik zararlar\u0131 verirler. Teorik olarak plutonyumun t\u00fcm tipleri, n\u00fckleer patlama olmaks\u0131z\u0131n radyoaktivite yayan silahlarla yap\u0131lacak radyalojik sava\u015fta silah olarak kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 yayan bir kilogram Plutonyum-239 yakla\u015f\u0131k 63 curie\u2019lik (2.33 trilyon bequerel) bir radyasyon seviyesine ve yirmid\u00f6rt bin y\u0131ll\u0131k yar\u0131 \u00f6mre sahiptir. Yani, bir kilogram Plutonyum 239\u2019u yar\u0131m kilogram Plutonyum 239\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek yakla\u015f\u0131k 24 bin y\u0131l alacakt\u0131r. Daha sonra bu yar\u0131m kilogram PU-239\u2019un \u00e7eyrek kilogram Plutonyum 239\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bir 24 bin y\u0131l daha gerekecek ve bu b\u00f6ylece devam edip gidecektir. Genelde yirmi yar\u0131-\u00f6m\u00fcr zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir radyoaktif elementin tam yar\u0131-\u00f6mr\u00fc oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. \u00d6mr\u00fc biten Plutonyum 239 do\u011fada yok olmayacak, yar\u0131-\u00f6mr\u00fc 704 milyon y\u0131l olan yeni bir radyoaktif elemente Uranyum-235\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir.(bkz sf 3)<\/p>\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlarda bile olsa plutonyum v\u00fccuda girdi\u011fi zaman alfa radyasyonu (2 proton ve 2 n\u00f6tron i\u00e7eren a\u011f\u0131r bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k) dokular ve kan yap\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fccrelerdeki atom ve molek\u00fclleri iyonize edebilir. Emilmi\u015f plutonyum v\u00fccutta ony\u0131llarca kal\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle ci\u011fer, lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri, karaci\u011fer ve kemiklerde kanser ve kromozom bozulmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.
\n\u00a0
\n5-Radyoaktif at\u0131klar ve do\u011fadan yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131
\nN\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n normal i\u015fletmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, atmosfere ve kurulduklar\u0131 yerlerdeki nehir-g\u00f6l-deniz yataklar\u0131na, radyoaktif gazlar\u0131n ve radyoaktif izotoplar\u0131 i\u00e7eren so\u011futma sular\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak sal\u0131nmas\u0131na izin verilmektedir. Bunlara ek olarak, 3-5 y\u0131ll\u0131k normal bir i\u015fletmeden sonra, kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131n reakt\u00f6rden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak yeniden i\u015fleme tesislerine gitmeden santrallar\u0131n civar\u0131ndaki havuzlarda veya g\u00f6llerde so\u011futulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu tonlarca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yak\u0131t \u00e7ubu\u011fu, reakt\u00f6rlerin normal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince devam eden n\u00fckleer reaksiyonlar sonucunda yarat\u0131lan ve bozunma \u00f6m\u00fcrleri y\u00fczbinlerce y\u0131l olan, binlerce yeni radyoaktif izotop i\u00e7erir. Yani bu \u00e7ubuklar reakt\u00f6rden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 zaman yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon defa daha fazla radyoaktiftir ve hala yeni \u00fcretilen izotoplar\u0131n radyoaktif bozunmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretmektedir. Bu at\u0131klar i\u00e7indeki en \u00f6nemli yeni \u00fcretilen izotop ise, yak\u0131t \u00e7ubuklar\u0131ndaki uranyum 238\u2019den n\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucunda yarat\u0131lan pl\u00fctonyum-239\u2019dur. PU-239\u2019un di\u011fer at\u0131klardan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tonlarca yak\u0131t \u00e7ubu\u011fu yeterli derecede so\u011fuduktan sonra yeniden i\u015fleme tesislerine g\u00f6nderilerek nitrik asitte \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Geriye kalan ve s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, 200.000 defa daha fazla hacim kaplayan milyonlarca metrek\u00fcpl\u00fck y\u00fcksek seviyeli s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n da, \u00e7elik tanklarda \u00e7evreden binlerce y\u0131l yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Fakat bu \u00e7elik tanklar, 10-15 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyli, asidik ve s\u00fcrekli radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m sonucunda \u00e7atlar; radyoaktif at\u0131klar, Amerika\u2019da Hanford n\u00fckleer kompleksinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7evreye s\u0131zarak su ve besin zincirine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Bazen de 1957\u2019de ve 1993\u2019de Rusya\u2019da \u00c7helyabinsk ve Tomsk-7 n\u00fckleer komplekslerinde oldu\u011fu gibi patlar. Ayn\u0131 nedenlerden dolay\u0131 camla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan at\u0131klar\u0131n da belli bir s\u00fcre sonra, mikroskobik \u00e7atlaklar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve cam\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozarak \u00e7evreye s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131ya neden oldu\u011fu \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki son uygulamalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
1992\u2019de yaln\u0131z ABD\u2019de askeri ve sivil yakla\u015f\u0131k 45.000 n\u00fckleer at\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki 3.510.560 metrek\u00fcp radyoaktif at\u0131\u011f\u0131n 1.089.311.777 curie\u2019ye e\u015fde\u011fer radyasyon ta\u015f\u0131makta oldu\u011fu (1curie: 37 milyar bequerel) tesbit edilmi\u015f, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4.2 milyar curie\u2019lik radyoaktif element birikece\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131n temizlenmesi i\u00e7in de 600-900 milyar dolar gerekece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.(Plutonium Gold of the Nuclear Age, International Physicians for the Prevention of the Nuclear War,Int.Phy.Press Cambridge, Mass,1992)<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde n\u00fckleer at\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011fadan yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir y\u00f6ntem veya teknoloji hen\u00fcz bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu ana kadar uygulanan, at\u0131klar\u0131n camla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, derin tuz madeni yataklar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi, okyanuslar\u0131n derinliklerine at\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi y\u00f6ntemler kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En fazla sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan n\u00fckleer at\u0131klar\u0131n camla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemini uygulayan \u0130sve\u00e7 gibi \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki, y\u00fcksek enerjili alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 yayan binlerce radyoaktif izotop, DEV\u0130TR\u0130F\u0130CAT\u0130ON denilen bir reaksiyon sonucunda cam\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozarak mikroskobik \u00e7atlaklar meydana getiriyor ve at\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011faya kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenemiyor.<\/p>\n
Amerikan Parlementosunda radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n hangi eyalete g\u00f6m\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda uzun s\u00fcren tart\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra 1987\u2019de Nevada Eyaletinde Yucca Da\u011flar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclmesine karar verildi. Nevada senat\u00f6r\u00fc Richard Brayn bu karara \u201cNevada eyaletinin \u0131rz\u0131na n\u00fckleerce ge\u00e7ildi\u201d \u015feklinde tepki g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n
6-N\u00fckleer enerji ekonomik maliyeti
\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n ciddi ekonomi dergilerinden biri olan Forbes\u2019de 1985 may\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u2018N\u00fckleer \u00c7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalede \u015f\u00f6yle denmektedir: \u201c ABD n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 program\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, ABD i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmecilik felaketidir, an\u0131tsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir felakettir. Sanayi \u015fu ana kadar n\u00fckleer g\u00fcce 125 milyar dolar harcad\u0131 ve bu on y\u0131l sona ermeden 140 milyar daha harcayacak. Ve on y\u0131ldan biraz fazla bir s\u00fcrede, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, g\u00fcvenilir ve \u00e7evreye zarars\u0131z bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 diye tan\u0131t\u0131lan n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7, aksine y\u00fcksek maliyetli, g\u00fcvenilmez bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.( Nuclear Follies, Forbes, May, 1985)<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer enerji maliyeti konusunda ileri gelen bir otorite olan ve ABD\u2019de enerji bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapan C. Komanoff, 1968 ve 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD\u2019deki n\u00fckleer enerji \u00fcretimi \u00fczerine geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131. Ekonomik analizlerin neticesi \u015fu \u00f6nemli ger\u00e7ekleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131: ABD\u2019de ticari n\u00fckleer enerji \u00fcretimi hakk\u0131nda yeterli verilerin oldu\u011fu 1968-1990 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, n\u00fckleer enerji sanayi 5.4 trilyon kwh elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in 389 milyar dolar harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu, kwh ba\u015f\u0131na 7.2 sent
\netmektedir.(1990\u2019daki de\u011feri) Di\u011fer enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde edilen elektrik enerjisinin maliyeti ise, 4 sent olmu\u015ftur. ( Fiscal Fission.The Economic Failure of Nuclear Power, Koman off Energy Associates, 1992)<\/p>\n
6 mart 1999 tarihli New York Times gazetesinin ekonomi sayfas\u0131nda, n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn di\u011fer santrallarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00fckleer\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hidrolik\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gaz\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Termik<\/p>\n
1kW Enerjinin maliyeti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
cent olarak\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02,13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0,33\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,42\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,8<\/p>\n
1kWh Enerji Sant.<\/p>\n
Yat\u0131r\u0131m Maliyeti (ABD dolar\u0131)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03500-5000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 1500\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 350\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 700\u00a0<\/p>\n
1kWh Enerji i\u00e7in Santral<\/p>\n
Piyasa De\u011f.(ABD dolar\u0131)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 113\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1750\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 240\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 655\u00a0<\/p>\n
Radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n izolesi, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlayan reakt\u00f6rlerin s\u00f6k\u00fclmesi, kaza sonucu olu\u015fan giderler, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan harcamalar vb.toplumsal maliyetler bu de\u011ferlerin i\u00e7inde de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
7-At\u0131k ekonomik maliyeti
\nD\u00fcnyada enerji \u00fcreten tesislerden yaln\u0131z n\u00fckleer santrallarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan milyonlarca ton kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 radyoaktif at\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreden yal\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma masraflar\u0131 i\u00e7in, ABD\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1996 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 3 milyar dolar harcanm\u0131\u015f ve 1983\u2019den beri y\u00fczde 80 artan n\u00fckleer at\u0131k yal\u0131tma maliyeti ton ba\u015f\u0131na 325.000 dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son 50 y\u0131lda, ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 DOE\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri ve sivil n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t \u00fcreten 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer komplekste; Hanford, Savannah River, Rocky Flats, Oak Ridge ve \u0130daho n\u00fckleer tesislerinde biriken 32.927.800 ton n\u00fckleer malzeme, eski reakt\u00f6rlerin ve radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n temizlenmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve \u201cThe Cold War Mortgage” (So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00d6demeleri) diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan program\u0131n 1995\u2019e g\u00f6re maliyeti 375 milyar dolar olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2070 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrmesi planlanan, 10.500 askeri \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011fe at\u0131lan ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyon d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck araziyi kaplayan, so\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kirletti\u011fi alanlar\u0131n, yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131 ve nehirler hari\u00e7, temizlenmesi i\u015finin maliyeti de 500 milyar dolar olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (The 1995 Base Line Environmental Management, Toll free number:1-800-736-3282)<\/p>\n
31 Ocak 1996 tarihli Washington Post gazetesinin ana haberi \u201cN\u00fckleer problem b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam ediyor ve n\u00fckleer at\u0131klar Amerikan ulusunun ba\u015f\u0131na bela oluyor\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 say\u0131da yay\u0131mlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada n\u00fckleer at\u0131klardan sorumlu bakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ise,<\/p>\n
\u201cBug\u00fcne kadar, at\u0131k yak\u0131t \u00e7ubuklar\u0131ndan sorumlu olan federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet, at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7evreden izole edilmesi i\u00e7in, yap\u0131lan fizibilite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,2 milyar dolar harcad\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir ger\u00e7ekci \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm elde edemedik. Tek yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey, ger\u00e7ekleri ac\u0131 da olsa Amerikan halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koymakt\u0131r.\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n
8-D\u00fcnyada N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlerin Durumu<\/p>\n
\u00dclkeler\t\u00dcretim\tFaaliyette\t\u0130n\u015faa\tPlanlanan
\n(milyar kWh)\tolan\tedilen\t\u00a0
\nArjantin\t7\t2\t–\t1
\nErmenistan\t1,8\t1\t–\t–
\nBel\u00e7ika\t44,6\t7\t–\t–
\nBrezilya\t13,3\t2\t–\t1
\nBulgaristan\t16\t4\t–\t–
\nKanada\t70,3\t17\t1\t2
\n\u00c7in\t79\t15\t4\t4
\n\u00c7ek C.\t25,9\t6\t–\t–
\nFinlandiya\t21,8\t4\t–\t1
\nFransa\t420,7\t59\t–\t–
\nAlmanya\t157,4\t18\t–\t–
\nMacaristan\t11\t4\t–\t–
\nHindistan\t16,4\t14\t9\t–
\n\u0130ran\t–\t–\t1\t1
\n\u0130srail\t–\t–\t–\t–
\nJaponya\t230,8\t54\t3\t12
\nK. Kore\t–\t–\t1\t1
\nG. Kore\t123,3\t19\t1\t8
\nLitvanya\t14,3\t2\t–\t–
\nMeksika\t10,5\t2\t–\t–
\nHollanda\t3,8\t1\t–\t–
\nPakistan\t1,8\t2\t–\t1
\nRomanya\t4,5\t1\t1\t–
\nRusya\t138,4\t30\t6\t–
\nSlovakya\t17,9\t6\t–\t–
\nSlovenya\t5\t1\t–\t–
\nG.Afrika\t12,7\t2\t–\t–
\n\u0130spanya\t59,4\t9\t–\t–
\n\u0130sve\u00e7\t65,5\t11\t–\t–
\n\u0130svi\u00e7re\t25,9\t5\t–\t–
\nUkrayna\t76,7\t13\t2\t–
\n\u0130ngiltere\t85,3\t27\t–\t–
\nABD\t763,7\t103\t1\t–
\nD\u00fcnya\t2,525\t441\t30\t32<\/p>\n
(World Nuclear Assoclation)
\n\u0130sve\u00e7 ve Almanya\u2019da yeni n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 tesislerinin kurulmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 tesislerinin 2010 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanmaktad\u0131r. Fransa ve Japonya\u2019daki n\u00fckleer programlar bir dizi teknik ve mali sorun ve h\u0131zla y\u00fckselen anti-n\u00fckleer hareketle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Avusturya, \u0130talya, Danimarka, Yunanistan, \u0130spanya, Hollanda, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Portekiz, K\u00fcba, L\u00fcksemburg, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130rlanda, \u0130sko\u00e7ya, Yeni Zelanda, Finlandiya gibi \u00fclkelerde de n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r kurulmamaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019de ise, 1978 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri yeni reakt\u00f6r sipari\u015fi verilmemi\u015ftir. 1978\u2019de sipari\u015fi verilen iki reakt\u00f6r de s\u0131rayla iptal edilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
9- D\u00fcnya\u2019da n\u00fckleer kazalar
\n1957\u2019den beri askeri ve sivil reakt\u00f6rlerde y\u00fczlerce b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc n\u00fckleer kaza meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlileri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0 1957\u2019de ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer kaza Ural da\u011flar\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Kyshtim n\u00fckleer kompleksinde meydana geldi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyon k\u00fcrilik radyasyon 1000 km karelik alana yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Windscale yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki n\u00fckleer tesiste meydana gelen kazada milyonlarca k\u00fcrilik radyoaktif element \u0130rlanda denizine ve atmosfere kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0ABD\u2019de, Denver \u015fehrinin hemen yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Rocky Flats n\u00fckleer tesislerinde 1989\u2019a kadar 700\u2019den fazla kaza oldu, nihayet 1989\u2019da ABD federal polisi FBI bu tesisi kapatmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 G\u00fcney Karolina\u2019daki Savannah River n\u00fckleer merkezinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 5 n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rde ve 2 b\u00fcy\u00fck zenginle\u015ftirme-yak\u0131t yeniden i\u015fleme tesisisinde bug\u00fcne dek 30 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta kaza oldu.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 1979\u2019da ABD, Harrisburg\u2019taki TMI n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn so\u011futma suyu kanallar\u0131ndaki bir pompa ve vanan\u0131n i\u015flememesi sonucunda meydana gelen kazada, reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen radyasyon \u00f6l\u00e7me aletlerini bozacak derecede y\u00fcksek dozda radyoaktif su ve gazlar \u00e7evreye yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 1986\u2019da \u00c7ernobil\u2019 de, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en k\u00f6t\u00fc-en b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer kazas\u0131, operat\u00f6r-yani insan hatas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden meydana geldi. Rus yetkililerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadan ve kendi halklar\u0131ndan iki g\u00fcn saklad\u0131klar\u0131 bu facia sonucunda 200 ton uranyum oksit i\u00e7eren reakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 800 ton radyoaktif grafit b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa ve Asya \u00fclkelerine yay\u0131ld\u0131. 1992\u2019de Rio de Janerio\u2019daki D\u00fcnya zirvesinde, Ukrayna \u00c7evre Bakan\u0131 Dr. Yuri Scherbak, \u00fclkesinde 1986\u2019da meydana gelen \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131 sonucunda yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 40.000\u2019e varaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca y\u00fczbinlerce insan\u0131n kansere yakalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. \u015eu ana kadar \u00c7ernobil civar\u0131nda do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun kemik ve kan kanseri ile do\u011fdu\u011funu ve baz\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sakat do\u011fdu\u011funu b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya bilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Japonya\u2019da, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Monju\u2019da ve 1999\u2019da Tokaimura\u2019da n\u00fckleer kazalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer Denetleme Komisyonu NRC\u2019nin resmi kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu g\u00fcne kadar ABD\u2019de felakete yol a\u00e7abilecek derecede 169 kaza olmu\u015ftur. Sadece 1980 ve 1989 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 34.000 operasyon hatas\u0131, en az 104 acil reakt\u00f6r durdurma olay\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir dozda radyosyana maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 104.000 olay tesbit etmi\u015flerdir. Japonya\u2019da 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda tam 20 tane \u00f6nemli reakt\u00f6r kazas\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir. Yine Rusya\u2019daki n\u00fckleer komplekslerdeki kazalar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 45 artm\u0131\u015f, uzmanlar bir y\u0131lda uluslar aras\u0131 kurulu\u015flara 205 kaza rapor etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.(U.S.News and World Report August 93.)<\/p>\n
10- Radyasyon insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiler?
\nV\u00fccutlar\u0131m\u0131z milyarlarca h\u00fccreden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Her h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7inde her h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7inde bir \u00e7ekirdek ve bu \u00e7ekirdeklerin i\u00e7inde uzun ipliksi yap\u0131da, kromozom ad\u0131 verilen ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n temel kal\u0131t\u0131msal karekterlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan genler bulunur. Bu genler DNA molek\u00fcllerinden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6revleri, biyolojik ya\u015fam\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in h\u00fccrelerde protein ve enzimler \u00fcretmek, ayr\u0131ca bu h\u00fccrelerin hangi hallerde, ne kadar ve ne zaman \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131p b\u00f6l\u00fcneceklerini denetlemektir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer canl\u0131lar v\u00fccutlar\u0131na, y\u00fcksek enerji ta\u015f\u0131yan gamma radyasyonu veya alfa ve beta gibi enerji ta\u015f\u0131yan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar yayan radyoaktif maddeleri al\u0131rlarsa, bu radyasyonlar canl\u0131 h\u00fccreleri meydana getiren atomlar\u0131 ve molek\u00fclleri iyonize ederek yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bozabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerini kontrol eden genlerin (DNA\u2019lar\u0131n) kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozarak, h\u00fccrelerin normal olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fi yerde \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca milyonlarca birbirinin e\u015fi bozulmu\u015f, programs\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, h\u00fccreye b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fcremesine ve giderek kansere neden olurlar.<\/p>\n
Kansere yol a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra radyasyon, bir organizman\u0131n kal\u0131t\u0131msal yap\u0131s\u0131nda ani de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olan genetik m\u00fctasyonlara da neden olabilir. Radyasyon ayn\u0131 zamanda sperm veya yumurta h\u00fccrelerinde kromozomlar\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir ve bunun sonucu ise Mongolizm veya Down sendromudur. Radyasyonla m\u00fctasyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir yumurta veya spermden bu m\u00fctasyonlar\u0131n sonucu olarak \u00f6l\u00fc(d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck) veya sakat \u00e7ocuk do\u011fumu olabilir. Fet\u00fcs ana rahminde iken radyasyona maruz kalm\u0131\u015fsa, \u00e7ocukluk l\u00f6semisi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kanser vakalar\u0131ndaki y\u00fczde 400\u2019l\u00fck art\u0131\u015f, genetik m\u00fctasyonlar sonucu normal olmayan do\u011fumlar, yayg\u0131n l\u00f6semi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 bunun kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.( Radiation and Human Health, John W.Gofman, Sierra Club Books, S.Francisco.)<\/p>\n
Uranyum 233\u2019\u00fc bulan ve me\u015fhur Manhattan projesinde pl\u00fctonyumun yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan n\u00fckleer fizik\u00e7i kimyac\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Berkeley \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde t\u0131p profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Prof. John W. Gofman, son elli y\u0131lda 150\u2019den fazla bilimsel makale, 15\u2019den fazla kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131ktan sonra, deneyimlerine dayanarak \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n
\u201cN\u00dcKLEER ENERJ\u0130 KABUL ED\u0130LEMEZ, \u00c7\u00dcNK\u0130 \u0130NSANLARDA KANSERE VE GENET\u0130K ZARARLARA NEDEN OLMASI KA\u00c7INILMAZDIR. K\u0130TLESEL, RASTGELE VE A\u00c7IK\u00c7A C\u0130NAYETT\u0130R.\u201d<\/p>\n
11-N\u00fckleer Karteller (Sava\u015f Tellallar\u0131)<\/p>\n
Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019da Japonya, \u00c7in, G\u00fcney Kore sivil ve askeri n\u00fckleer kapasitelerini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Japonya\u2019n\u0131n kendi i\u015fletti\u011fi n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerden elde etti\u011fi y\u00fczde 98 saf pl\u00fctonyum-239\u2019a ek olarak, Fransa\u2019dan s\u00fcrekli saf pl\u00fctonyum sat\u0131n almas\u0131 enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile de\u011fil, do\u011frudan taktik n\u00fckleer silah program\u0131 ile ilgilidir. \u00c7in\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 450 n\u00fckleer ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 silah bulunmakta ve bunlar\u0131n 300\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn stratejik, di\u011fer 150 adedinin de taktik n\u00fckleer silah oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. G\u00fcney Kore\u2019nin 1992\u2019de iki adet Kanada tasar\u0131m\u0131, hem elektrik enerjisi hem de pl\u00fctonyum \u00fcreten CANDU tipi reakt\u00f6r almaya karar vermesi, bu \u00fclkelerdeki elektrik \u00fcreten n\u00fckleer santrallara ek olarak \u00c7in\u2019deki 3, Kuzey Kore\u2019deki 4, G\u00fcney Kore\u2019deki 2, Japonya\u2019daki 13, Endonezya\u2019daki 2 adet n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t zenginle\u015ftirme tesisini de hesaba katarsak, Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019daki n\u00fckleer silahlanman\u0131n giderek h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihi d\u00fc\u015fmanlar olan Japonya, Kore Cumhuriyetleri ve \u00c7in aras\u0131nda bir N\u00fckleer \u015eeytan \u00dc\u00e7geni\u2019nin \u015fekillendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Ortado\u011fu ve Balkanlar\u2019daki n\u00fckleer \u015feytan \u00fc\u00e7geni belirlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, \u0130srail\u2019in yeterli n\u00fckleer ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 silahlar\u0131 ve pl\u00fctonyum stoklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Ukrayna da b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda n\u00fckleer ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 silah bulundurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019dan ba\u015flayan bu n\u00fckleer \u00fc\u00e7genleri ekonomik, politik ve teknolojik olarak besleyen ana \u00fc\u00e7gen, ABD, BDT ve baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleridir. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeleri, n\u00fckleer enerji ile elektrik \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nlendiren n\u00fckleer kartellerin en etkili pazarlama taktikleri \u015f\u00f6yledir: N\u00fckleer g\u00fcce sahip bir \u00fclkenin teknolojik olarak \u00e7a\u011f atlayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede en kuvvetli askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 olaca\u011f\u0131 imaj\u0131 verilir. Asl\u0131nda son y\u0131llar\u0131n deneyimleri g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki, milyarlarca dolar harcad\u0131ktan sonra, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da n\u00fckleer askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 olacak diye kand\u0131r\u0131lan Irak\u2019ta Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan n\u00fckleer santral, 1980\u2019den \u00f6nce kom\u015fusu \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan bombalanm\u0131\u015f, sonra da birka\u00e7 \u0130srail u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 1981\u2019de ayn\u0131 reakt\u00f6r\u00fc yerle bir etmi\u015ftir. Irak\u2019\u0131n Frans\u0131zlar\u2019a bir kez daha milyarlarca dolar \u00f6deyerek tekrar devreye soktu\u011fu bu n\u00fckleer tesisler, K\u00f6rfez sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Frans\u0131z u\u00e7aklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan radyoaktif uranyum-238 ile sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bombalarla bombaland\u0131. ABD ve \u0130ngiltere u\u00e7aklar\u0131, 20 mart 2003\u2019de ba\u015flayan sald\u0131r\u0131da, Irak topraklar\u0131na bomba ve f\u00fcze ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131rken, Irak sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ciro ve hisselerinde d\u00fc\u015fme beklenen ABD\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck silah tekeli Lockheed Martin\u2019in ilk \u00e7eyrek cirosu y\u00fczde 18 art\u0131\u015fla 7.1 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, Tomahawk seyir f\u00fczelerini \u00fcreten Raytheon ve askeri elektronik alan\u0131nda faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten L-3 grubunun cirolar\u0131 da beklenmedik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
\u015eu anda n\u00fckleer santrallar bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde, i\u00e7lerinde y\u00fczlerce Hiro\u015fima bombas\u0131na denk radyasyon ta\u015f\u0131yan ve koordinatlar\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi belli olan a\u00e7\u0131k askeri hedefler olarak beklemekte, sava\u015f an\u0131nda n\u00fckleer kartellerin iddia ettikleri gibi askeri bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olman\u0131n aksine, a\u00e7\u0131k hedef olarak bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkeyi daha dezavantajl\u0131 konuma sokmaktad\u0131r. Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 yapan bilim adamlar\u0131ndan ve hidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen Prof.Edward Teller diyor ki:<\/p>\n
C\u0130DD\u0130 B\u0130R N\u00dcKLEER AKS\u0130L\u0130K OLASILI\u011eI GER\u00c7EKT\u0130R. B\u0130R AKS\u0130L\u0130K
\nOLMASI DURUMUNDA MEYDANA GELECEK HASAR SONSUZDUR.<\/p>\n
12-Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6r kurmak i\u00e7in enerji \u00fcretimini ileri s\u00fcrmenin, askeri ama\u00e7lar\u0131 gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan \u00f6teye bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayan bir bahane oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Zira askeri ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek maliyet ve her alandaki y\u00fcksek riskleriyle tercih edilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir neden yoktur.
\n\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020\uf020
\nGe\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde n\u00fckleer silahlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 18 y\u0131l hapis yatan \u0130srailli bar\u0131\u015f sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, eski teknisyen Morde\u00e7ay Vanunu, \u0130srail\u2019deki Dimona n\u00fckleer santralinin y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da \u00c7ernobil facias\u0131na benzer bir facia riski bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Dimona n\u00fckleer santralinde 9 y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Vanunu, Arap El Hayat gazetesine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130srail\u2019in g\u00fcneyinde in\u015fa edilen bu santralin, bir kaza meydana gelmesi halinde ikinci \u00c7ernobil olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, santralden s\u0131zabilecek n\u00fckleer radyasyon nedeniyle Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki milyonlarca ki\u015finin tehdit alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu.
\nVanunu ayr\u0131ca, \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u0130srail s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131bbi denetimden ge\u00e7irmesi gerekti\u011fini de vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde \u00c7ernobil facias\u0131 sonucu radyasyona maruz kalan 55.000 ton \u00e7ay\u0131n, Atom Enerjisi Kurumu \u00f6nerisiyle Kahraman Mara\u015f iline g\u00f6m\u00fclmesine karar verilmi\u015fti. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece N\u00fckleer Ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezi arazisine g\u00f6m\u00fclen miktar ve kalan\u0131n ak\u0131beti bilinmiyor. Irak\u2019tan Hatay\u2019a getirilen konulduklar\u0131 depolama alanlar\u0131ndaki patlamalar sonucu son 8 ayda 5 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olan sava\u015f hurdalar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 radyasyon miktar\u0131 bilinmiyor. \u00c7\u00f6plerden t o p l a n a n radyoaktif hurdalarla ilgili Atom Enerjisi Kurumu sorumluluk alm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Bu ko\u015fullarda, kamuoyunun n\u00fckleerle ve sava\u015fla ilgili duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hi\u00e7e say\u0131larak, \u00fclkemizi Balkan-Ortado\u011fu n\u00fckleer \u015feytan \u00fc\u00e7geninin merkezine oturtacak, vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f n\u00fckleer proje tekrar g\u00fcndeme getirildi. T\u00fcrkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu (TAEK) yetkilileri, n\u00fckleer santral kurulmas\u0131 durumunda, \u201cg\u00fcvenlik\u201d konusunda sorumlu kurulu\u015f olarak TAEK\u2019 in g\u00f6revini yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyorlar. Ayn\u0131 TAEK, \u0130stanbul 2. \u0130dare mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan, toplumun tehlikeli maddeden korunmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini yerine getirmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle a\u011f\u0131r kusurlu bulunmu\u015f, maddi ve manevi tazminat \u00f6demesine karar verilmi\u015fti ve Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u2019a verdi\u011fi temyiz dilek\u00e7esinde, ilgili \u015firketin radyoaktif maddeyi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderece\u011fini beyan etti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle kendisinin sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Deprem, karayolu ve son olarak da tren yolu felaketlerinin de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, \u2018Risk Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nden bihaber, toplum ad\u0131na risk almay\u0131 giri\u015fimcili\u011finin karinesi olarak kutsayan, toplumbilimi hi\u00e7 tan\u0131mayan, positif bilimin de kendisine ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmeden teknolojik nimetlerinden yararlanma kurnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla davranan y\u00f6netim tarz\u0131na sahip \u00fclkemizde, n\u00fckleer maceran\u0131n bedellerinin, bu deneyimi ya\u015fayarak vazge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131r olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in kahin olmaya gerek yok.<\/p>\n
Son s\u00f6z olarak, g\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerk\u00fcreyi; havay\u0131, suyu, topra\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131 savunamazsak, geriye ne kal\u0131r, diyor ve dikkatinize sundu\u011fumuz, yeni geli\u015fme ve bilgilerle g\u00fcncelle\u015ftirilecek olan bu bro\u015f\u00fcrle ilgili de\u011ferlendirme ve katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bekliyoruz.<\/p>\n
06 A\u011fustos 2004
\nMMO \u0130stanbul \u015eube Enerji Komisyonu<\/p>\n
MMO \u0130stanbul \u015eube Enerji Komisyonu, bu metni Plazma ve lazer fizi\u011fi ile ilgili 20\u2019den fazla uluslar aras\u0131 kurumlarca yay\u0131nlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ek olarak, 30\u2019dan fazla konferans bildirileri olan Prof. Dr. Hayrettin K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\u2019 \u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, ilgili TMMOB yay\u0131nlar\u0131na, Albert Bayet\u2019in \u201cBilim Ahlak\u0131\u201d kitab\u0131na dayanarak haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"MMO \u0130stanbul \u015eubesi Eneri Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan n\u00fckleer enerji bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc.\n\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2010],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-51","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-basin-aciklamalari"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}