{"id":765,"date":"2009-01-14T16:29:53","date_gmt":"2009-01-14T13:29:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/politeknik.org.tr\/\/?p=765"},"modified":"2019-01-28T21:01:34","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T18:01:34","slug":"meslek-hastalklar-ve-i-kazalar-mehmet-besleme-fuat-demir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/meslek-hastalklar-ve-i-kazalar-mehmet-besleme-fuat-demir\/","title":{"rendered":"Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u015f kazalar\u0131- Mehmet Besleme*, Fuat Demir*"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cKapitalist bir d\u00fcnyada zengin ve zenginlik \u00fcretmenin yeg\u00e2ne yolu, yoksul, yoksulluk ve sefalet \u00fcretmekten ge\u00e7er.\u201dF.Ba\u015fkaya<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki haline, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tarihin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadele ve \u00f6dedi\u011fi bedellerle ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir hakk\u0131n emek ve bedel \u00f6demeden elde edilemeyece\u011fi sav\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kapitalist sistemde i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc; iki temel s\u0131n\u0131f olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesinde gizlidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan; emek ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimi, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in ise sermayenin yani kar\u0131n yeniden \u00fcretimidir. <\/p>\n

Biz bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda bize verilen g\u00f6revi yerine getirirken, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapsam\u0131nda unutulmamas\u0131 gereken, i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 konusunu i\u015flemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak konuya her ne kadar bir m\u00fchendis gibi yakla\u015facaksak da, g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesindeki yerimiz \u2013eme\u011fi ile ge\u00e7inen her teknik eleman gibi- elbette ki emek\u00e7i cephesinden olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k; bir insan\u0131n sadece hasta olmamas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fiziksel, ruhsal ve toplumsal y\u00f6nden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve sa\u011flam olmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise; bir i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7inin fiziksel, ruhsal ve toplumsal y\u00f6nden tam iyilik halinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve en y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu o i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lan zararl\u0131 maddeler nedeniyle sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gelebilecek zararlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin fiziksel ve ruhsal \u00f6zelliklerine en uygun yerlere ve i\u015flere yerle\u015ftirilmesi<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile hemen \u015fu yan\u0131lg\u0131dan kurtulmak gerekti\u011fini hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sadece i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine indirgememek gerekir. Elbette ki, i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi \u00f6nemlidir ama bu tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli bir tedbir de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri uzun vadede hastal\u0131k yaratabilecek, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik zararl\u0131 maddelerden korumakta \u00f6nemlidir. Yine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda sakatl\u0131k yaratabilecek elveri\u015fsiz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda d\u00fczeltilmesi gerekir. <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n en temel hakk\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile i\u015fverenler \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden ve \u00e7o\u011fu kez kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kan tehlikelerden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 korumak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fyerlerindeki zararl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak veya en alt d\u00fczeye indirmek, k\u0131sacas\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamakta yine i\u015fverenin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndedir. <\/p>\n

Sigortas\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i kanunlara g\u00f6re; i\u015f kazas\u0131 ge\u00e7iremez ve meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakalanamaz. Ba\u015f\u0131na bunlar gelirse, hi\u00e7bir hak ve tazminat talep edemez.<\/em> <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile u\u011fra\u015fan \u00e7e\u015fitli kurumlar, kurulu\u015flar ve ki\u015filer i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlardan birka\u00e7\u0131na bakal\u0131m. <\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015f kazalar\u0131 \u00f6nceden planlanmam\u0131\u015f s\u0131k s\u0131k ki\u015fisel yaralanmalara, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin zarara u\u011framas\u0131na ve bir s\u00fcre \u00fcretimin kesilmesine neden olan bir olayd\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Sosyal sigortalar kurumuna g\u00f6re, sigortal\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015fveren otoritesi alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu bir s\u0131rada g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015f veya i\u015fin gere\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla aniden ve d\u0131\u015ftan gelen bir etkenle onu bedence ya da ruh\u00e7a zarara u\u011fratan bir olay olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir tan\u0131mda ise insanlar\u0131n iste\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ani bir kuvvet sonucu fiziksel veya zihinsel hasara neden olan olay diye belirtilmektedir. <\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu tan\u0131mlarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ortak \u00f6zellik, kazan\u0131n aniden olu\u015ftu\u011fu ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fudur. Ancak neden sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi genellikle g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilir. Oysa bizce i\u015f kazas\u0131, i\u015fyerinde gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmamas\u0131 sonucu i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ani hasarlara yol a\u00e7an \u00f6l\u00fcmle de sonu\u00e7lanabilen kazalard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em> Nedeni ise i\u015fyerlerinde var olan g\u00fcvenliksiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mda, g\u00fcvenliksiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmamas\u0131; kar amac\u0131yla i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fverenlerce k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131, hatta istemlerine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve denetlenmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece hi\u00e7 yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada her y\u0131l binlerce insan i\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan \u00f6lmekte, y\u00fcz binlerce insan sakat kalmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131nda havas\u0131z, rutubetli, karanl\u0131k pis sular, k\u00f6t\u00fc beslenme ve dinlenme \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda, adeta k\u00f6le veya toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin; Avrupa \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Ajans\u0131 (EU-OSHA) Ba\u015fkan\u0131, 20\u201324 Kas\u0131m 2008 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki Avrupa \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Haftas\u0131nda, AB’de her 3, 5 dakikada bir ki\u015finin i\u015fle ilgili nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Her 4, 5 dakikada bir AB i\u015f\u00e7isinin kendisini en az \u00fc\u00e7 i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc evde kalmaya mecbur k\u0131lan bir kazaya maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerde durum b\u00f6yle ise, sanayi ve \u00fcretimde tamamen d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin durumunu tahmin etmek zor olmayacakt\u0131r. Yak\u0131n zamanda Davutpa\u015fa, maden i\u015fletmeleri, kot ta\u015flama ve tersane i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler, \u00fclkemizdeki i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermeye yetecektir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fverenler ve denetim sorumlulu\u011fu olanlar, her y\u0131l binlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6lmesine veya sakat kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an i\u015f kazalar\u0131 konusunda herhangi bir \u00e7abaya girmemektedir. <\/p>\n

\u00dcretim s\u00fcrecine giren her yeni madde, her yeni makina, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7 insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fyeri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evre g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Geli\u015fen teknolojinin ve birileri i\u00e7in y\u00fckselen refah\u0131n faturas\u0131, i\u015f kazalar\u0131, meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00e7evre kirlenmesi olarak kesilmektedir.<\/em> <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131 ki\u015fide yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasarlara g\u00f6re \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n

a) \u00d6l\u00fcm,
b) S\u00fcrekli i\u015f g\u00f6rememezlik; s\u00fcrekli fiziksel veya zihinsel s\u0131n\u0131rlanma veya bozukluk durumu,
c) Ge\u00e7ici i\u015f g\u00f6rememezlik: i\u015f g\u00f6remedi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fte olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n kazan\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden sonra en az bir tam g\u00fcn s\u00fcren i\u015fg\u00f6rmezlik durumu,
d) Bir g\u00fcnden daha az s\u00fcren i\u015f g\u00f6rmemezlik durumu. <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6nleme Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Kazalar\u0131 \u00f6nleme y\u00f6ntemleri s\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir; <\/p>\n

A) \u0130\u015f veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemler<\/strong> <\/p>\n

1. Tehlikeyi kayna\u011f\u0131nda yok etmek, yani kaza yaratan ko\u015fullar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak, kazaya neden olan \u015fey bir k\u0131r\u0131k merdivense, hemen tamir edilmesi, yerlerin kaygan olmas\u0131 veya yere d\u00f6k\u00fclen ya\u011flar ise hemen yerlere tala\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi veya d\u00f6k\u00fclen ya\u011f\u0131n temizlenmesi, kayna\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rman\u0131n y\u00f6ntemleridir. K\u0131saca i\u015f yeri d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lan makinalar\u0131n, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin tamir ve bak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/strong><\/em>
2. Tehlikenin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak. Her zaman tehlikeyi kayna\u011f\u0131nda kurutmak olanakl\u0131 olmayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin makinalar\u0131n hareketli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ramay\u0131z. B\u00f6yle durumlarda tehlike yaratan k\u0131sm\u0131 koruyucu i\u00e7ine almak veya kapal\u0131 sistemde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekir.
3. Ki\u015fisel koruyucular kullanmak. \u0130lk iki \u00f6nlemin al\u0131nmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n tehlike hala varsa i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ki\u015fisel koruyucu kullanmalar\u0131 gerekir. Eldiven, baret, maske vb.leri i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Hemen hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman i\u015fverenler kazalar\u0131n nedenleri olarak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin verilen ki\u015fisel koruyucular\u0131 kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise, ki\u015fisel koruyucular kazalar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde son ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em> <\/p>\n

B- \u00dcretim \u00f6ncesi al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemler<\/strong> <\/p>\n

1. Makina tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ve fabrika projelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda en uygun g\u00fcvenlik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan proje ve tasar\u0131mlar se\u00e7ilmelidir. \u00dclkemizde genellikle bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131 gereken teknik elemanlar, teknoloji se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fillerdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 tekeller taraf\u0131ndan yurdumuzda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilen geri teknolojileri kabullenmek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu geri teknolojilerin g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerinin yetersizli\u011fi ise malumdur.
2. \u0130thal edilen makine, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin g\u00fcvenliksiz olanlar\u0131n\u0131n ithaline izin verilmemelidir. Daha yurda giri\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda bu eleme sa\u011flanabilirse, bu makinalar\u0131n neden olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015f kazalar\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nlenebilir.
3. Makina k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin bunlar\u0131n koruyucular\u0131n\u0131n ve hatta kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin ulusal standartlar\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde bir\u00e7ok makinan\u0131n standard\u0131 yoktur, yap\u0131lan uluslararas\u0131 standartlar\u0131n \u00e7evirisinin yap\u0131larak yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden sanayide bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik tip ve boyutta, T\u00fcrkiye ko\u015fullar\u0131na uymayan makine, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7le \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta, bu durum ise i\u015f kazalar\u0131 riskini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Meslek Hastal\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, sigortal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re, tekrarlanan bir sebep veya i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm \u015fartlar\u0131 nedeniyle meydana gelen, ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli hastal\u0131k, sakatl\u0131k ve ruhi ar\u0131za halidir. K\u0131saca i\u015fyerinde mevcut insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararl\u0131, kimyasal maddeler, fiziksel, biyolojik ve ruhsal etkenlerin meydana getirdi\u011fi hastal\u0131klara meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. <\/p>\n

Burjuvazi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan kar\u0131 artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik bir harcama kar d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcyle \u00e7eli\u015fir. Yasa ve y\u00f6netmeliklerin i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi alan\u0131nda i\u015fverenlere y\u00fckledi\u011fi g\u00f6rev i\u015fletmelerin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n biraz daha artmas\u0131 ve karlar\u0131n biraz daha azalmas\u0131 demektir. Zehirlenmeyi azaltacak her sistem i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131 azaltacak her yeni makina i\u015fveren i\u00e7in yeni bir yat\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r, fuzuli masraft\u0131r. \u00dcretim s\u0131ras\u0131nda zehirli oldu\u011fu, kansere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen maddeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ya da \u00fcretimden kald\u0131rmak duymak istemedi\u011fi bir durumdur. <\/p>\n

Neyse, meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyerlerindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli etkenlerden do\u011fdu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bu y\u00fczden meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00f6nlenebilir olu\u015fudur. <\/p>\n

Meslek Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n

a) Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hastal\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re: Deri hastal\u0131klar\u0131, akci\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131, hematopoetik hastal\u0131klar\u0131, sinir ve ruh sistemi hastal\u0131klar\u0131, enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi,
b) Meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratan etkenlere g\u00f6re (nedensel): Meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda en ge\u00e7erli olan y\u00f6ntem etkenlere g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratan etkenler kendi aralar\u0131nda alt birimlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r.

1. Fiziksel etkenler:<\/strong> G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, vibrasyon (titre\u015fim), ayd\u0131nlatma, termal konfor \u015fartlar\u0131, havaland\u0131rma, radyasyon, elektrik, bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimleri,
2. Kimyasal etkenler:<\/strong> Metaller (kur\u015fun, c\u0131va, manganez, nikel, magnezyum, selenyum, uranyum gibi), solventler (\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcler, benzen, toluen, alkoller, eterler gibi), zehirli gazlar (karbon monoksit, hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr, klor, brom, iyot, amonyak, k\u00fck\u00fcrt dioksit gibi), asit ve alkaliler, boyalar, pestisitler, plastikler, kanserojen maddeler (katran, zift, mineral ya\u011flar, nikel, asbest, arsenik, benzen gibi),
3. Tozlar:<\/strong> Silisyum, uranyum, asbest, al\u00fcminyum, radyum, pamuk, keten, a\u011fa\u00e7 tozlar\u0131 vb. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda bulunan tozlar\u0131n akci\u011ferler girip birikerek etki yapmas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan hastal\u0131klara pn\u00f6mokonyoz denir.
4. Biyolojik etkenler:<\/strong> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131ndaki tehlikeli biyolojik etkenler bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klara neden olabilir. B\u00f6cekler, kene, k\u00fcf, maya, mikroorganizmalar, bakteriler, parazitler, mantar, vir\u00fcsler, vb.
5. Ergonomik etkenler:<\/strong> Ergonomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 insan anatomisine ve fizyolojisine uydurmakt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n boyut ve beden \u00f6zelliklerine uygun olmayan oturma yerleri, tezg\u00e2h ve makinalar\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda eri\u015fim noktalar\u0131, kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fimi ve sinyal d\u00fczeneklerinin ergonomik tasar\u0131m hatalar\u0131 nedeni ile e\u011filme, uzanma ve zorlamaya ba\u011fl\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. V\u00fccut konumu, tekd\u00fczelik, s\u0131k\u0131lma, tekrarlanan hareket, endi\u015fe, i\u015fin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, stres ve yorgunluk.<\/strong><\/em>
6. Psikolojik etkenler:<\/strong> \u0130\u015fyerinde ge\u00e7imsizlik, i\u015fini kaybetme endi\u015fesi, \u00fccret azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, terfi edememe, vardiyalar, dengesiz \u00fccret sistemi, i\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirmeler. <\/p>\n

Hastal\u0131klar<\/strong> <\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 kimyasal etkenlerin neden oldu\u011fu meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki tablo ile \u00f6zetlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n

Tablo 1. Etkileyici kimyasallar ve kanserler <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tablo 2. Mesleklere g\u00f6re sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Sanayile\u015fmenin artmas\u0131 ve entegre \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, yo\u011fun makinele\u015fme ve \u00fcretime giren y\u00fczlerce kimyasal maddenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi, i\u015f bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kalk\u0131nman\u0131n da \u00f6n \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kapitalist ekonomi tarihi, kar etme g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu, soruna insanc\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131dan yakla\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rnekleri ile doludur. K\u0131saca ILO olarak bilinen Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re; her y\u0131l 1,2 milyon i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve psikolojik etkile\u015fimleri bir yana, yine her y\u0131l 250 milyon insan i\u015f kazalar\u0131, 160 milyon insan ise; meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 sonucu hastal\u0131k ve sakatl\u0131k gibi fiziksel zarara u\u011framaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Bir teknik eleman g\u00f6z\u00fc ile bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunabilece\u011fi, i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylememiz gerekir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki uzmanl\u0131klar ve teknolojik olanaklar buna izin vermektedir. Bug\u00fcn tedavi olanaklar\u0131, donan\u0131ml\u0131 hastaneler, yeterli teknik bilgi ve uzman mevcuttur. <\/p>\n

Sorun, i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na hangi g\u00f6zle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemlerin bir rant kayb\u0131 ve anlams\u0131z bir yat\u0131r\u0131m olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek gerekir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilim ve teknolojinin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduran sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sadece k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Onun i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finin hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nemi yoktur. Do\u011fal olarak ger\u00e7ek sorun; bilimin ve teknolojinin kimin elinde oldu\u011fu, hangi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetinde bulundu\u011fu ile ilgilidir. Sermayenin mi, yoksa eme\u011fin yani i\u015f\u00e7inin mi? <\/p>\n

Kaynaklar

1. \u00d6zel, Y., G\u00fcmr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fco\u011flu A., \u201cMeslek Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131\u201d, \u201cKimya M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Dergisi, KMO Yay\u0131n\u0131, say\u0131.93, y\u0131l 1979, Ankara.
2. \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Seminer Notlar\u0131\u201d, KMO Yay\u0131n\u0131, 2007, Ankara <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong>* Mehmet Besleme – Kimya M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131
Fuat Demir -Kimya M\u00fchendisli\u011fi \u00d6\u011frencisi <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/strong>Sendika.org<\/strong><\/strong> <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u201cKapitalist bir d\u00fcnyada zengin ve zenginlik \u00fcretmenin yeg\u00e2ne yolu, yoksul, yoksulluk ve sefalet \u00fcretmekten ge\u00e7er.\u201dF.Ba\u015fkaya \nGiri\u015f \n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki haline, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tarihin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadele ve \u00f6dedi\u011fi bedellerle ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir hakk\u0131n emek ve bedel \u00f6demeden elde edilemeyece\u011fi sav\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kapitalist sistemde i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc; iki temel s\u0131n\u0131f olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesinde gizlidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan; emek ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimi, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in ise sermayenin yani kar\u0131n yeniden \u00fcretimidir. \n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-765","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=765"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=765"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}