![\"Image\"](\"http:\/\/www.ekolojistler.org\/images\/stories\/tongur_su_sav1.JPG\" "\\"Image\\"")
<\/p>\n\u0130ki S\u00fcmer kent devleti, Lagash ve Umma aras\u0131nda 4500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce sulamada kullan\u0131lacak sular\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan sava\u015f, \u201cSu Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dndan s\u00f6z eden herkesin de\u011findi\u011fi bir olay. Son y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n i\u00e7inde de Nil, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Ganj ve Parana Irmaklar\u0131, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7eki\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n
Ama, bu hep te b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Oregon Devlet \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Profes\u00f6r Aaron Wolf\u2019a g\u00f6re su i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131labilmesinin “\u2026 yal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, suyun sava\u015fmaya de\u011fecek kadar de\u011ferli olu\u015fudur. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler s\u0131k s\u0131k suyla ilgili \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek zorunda kal\u0131yor.\u201d O\u2019na g\u00f6re, akbabalar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Umma sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kellelerini alm\u0131\u015f u\u00e7arken kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir kaya an\u0131t\u0131yla bug\u00fcne kadar belgelenerek gelen Lagash ve Umma aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015ftan bu yana asl\u0131nda su i\u00e7in pek \u00f6nemli bir sava\u015f olmam\u0131\u015f; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 805-1984 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda suya ili\u015fkin en az 3600 uluslar aras\u0131 anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015f. Ger\u00e7ekten de, Aaron Wolf\u2019un (1998) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re de suyla ilgili i\u015fbirlikleri, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan \u00e7ok daha fazla. Ayn\u0131 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n kenar\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda 1918-1994 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan 412 bunal\u0131mdan yaln\u0131zca yedisinin suyla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n
Reuters\u2019ten Alister Doyle, siyaset\u00e7iler hep artan n\u00fcfus ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeni ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan su yetmezli\u011finin, bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda milyarlarca ki\u015finin temiz i\u00e7me suyuna eri\u015femedi\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara neden olaca\u011f\u0131 uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131msat\u0131yor. BM Genel Sekreteri Kofi Annan da daha 2001\u2019de \u201ctatl\u0131 ve temiz su i\u00e7in \u015fiddetli bir yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fu gelecekte \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve sava\u015flar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilir\u201d demi\u015fti<\/p>\n
S\u0131k hat\u0131rlat\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka \u015fey de \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki “rival” (kar\u015f\u0131t) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Latince\u2019deki \u201cayn\u0131 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 payla\u015fanlar\u201d anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan “rivalis” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden geli\u015fi.<\/p>\n
Ama, ba\u015fka uzmanlar uluslar aras\u0131 “su sava\u015flar\u0131”n\u0131n olas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde. Uluslararas\u0131 Su Y\u00f6netimi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (IWMI) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Frank Rijsberman “\u0130\u015fbirli\u011finin yararlar\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck ki su i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 sanm\u0131yorum” diyor.<\/p>\n
BM Kalk\u0131nma Program\u0131 (UNEP) y\u00f6neticisi Achim Steiner ise suyun ileride \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma nedenlerinden biri olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenlerden. O\u2019na g\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 payla\u015fan \u00fclkelerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bunun i\u00e7in aday: “\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sudan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131na inananlardan de\u011filim. Ama, su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131k”.<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten de su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. Rijsberman ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, BM\u2019in haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fi bir raporunda d\u00fcnyada her \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiden birinin suyun k\u0131t oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda suya talebin ikiye katlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tar\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 suyun y\u00fczde 74\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu. Biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in ek bitkiler yeti\u015ftirilmesi ve daha \u00e7ok erozyon, kurakl\u0131k ve ta\u015fk\u0131na neden olacak olan k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma da, su sa\u011flama olanaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yeni bask\u0131lar yaratacak. Rapora g\u00f6re, yine de iyi bir planlama ile yeterli suya eri\u015fmek olanakl\u0131.<\/p>\n
“E\u011fer iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bir sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131karsa, su bunun 15. nedeni olabilir” diyen Su Y\u00f6netimi \u0130\u00e7in \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya Merkezi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Asit Biswas, “Ama, medyada yer almak istersem bunun en kolay yolu bir su sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da kopaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemem olur. Oysa, sudan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kan son sava\u015f binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce idi.” Biswas\u2019a g\u00f6re sorunlardan biri suyun, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman petrol gibi, yeniden kullan\u0131lamayan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\/mal olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi. Oysa \u00f6rne\u011fin Kolorado Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n suyu elektrik elde etmek, sulama ve kullan\u0131m suyu elde etmek amac\u0131yla yedi kez kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\u0130srail ile su anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Filistin\u2019li Shadad Attilik “Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da su sorununu do\u011fru koyamazsak bir sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Su k\u0131t ve konu su olunca, bu ya\u015famsal” diyor. Bunu Filistinli birisinin s\u00f6ylemesi anla\u015f\u0131labilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, Gazze ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndaki ya\u015famsal akiferler kirletilmi\u015f ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 yarat\u0131yor: “Di\u015fleri sararm\u0131\u015f bir Filistinli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde bilin ki o Gazze\u2019den gelmi\u015ftir” deniyor.<\/p>\n
Pensilvanya \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden siyasal bilimci Frederick Frey ise suyun \u201csiyasal anlamda d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6nemi\u201d oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u201cSu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6nemli, k\u0131t, e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131yor ve payla\u015f\u0131lmak durumunda. Bu \u00f6zellikler, suyla ilgili \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ba\u015fka kaynaklarla ilgili \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan daha olas\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve suyu israf eden ekonomik kalk\u0131nma modeli k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131yor. \u201d<\/p>\n
\u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda suyla ilgili \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6zellikle \u0131rmaklar, g\u00f6ller, vahalar ya da kuyular i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Kenya\u2019da ge\u00e7en y\u0131l d\u00fczinelerce insan k\u0131t su ve otlaklardan yararlanmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerle sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc. Tamil Kaplanlar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131nda bent ve kanal kapaklar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmakla su\u00e7land\u0131lar. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tamil Kaplanlar\u0131 kuzeydo\u011fu Trincomalea b\u00f6lgesindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmet denetiminde bulunan 60.000 n\u00fcfuslu Kantalai kentine su sa\u011flayan Maavilaru Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kapaklar\u0131n\u0131 kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ate\u015fkes bozulmu\u015f ve bombard\u0131man\u0131n da e\u015fli\u011findeki i\u00e7 sava\u015f k\u0131z\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Su yollar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale ile ba\u015flayan bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda 500\u2019den \u00e7ok ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Steiner\u2019e g\u00f6re su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenen \u00fclkeler zaten \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olan \u00c7ad, Sudan ve Somali, biraz Etyopya, Pakistan\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, g\u00fcney Hindistan ve \u00c7in.<\/p>\n
Toronto Globe and Mail\u2019den Thomas Homer-Dixon 1995\u2019te DB S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 \u0130smail Serageldin\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora de\u011finiyor. Rapora g\u00f6re Orta Do\u011fu, Kuzey Afrika ve Hindistan ve \u00c7in\u2019i de kapsayan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede “su krizi” y\u00fckseliyor. Yak\u0131n gelecekte su, pek \u00e7ok yerde tar\u0131m i\u00e7in toprak yetersizli\u011finden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 olacak. Su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kirlili\u011fi bir\u00e7ok yoksul \u00fclkenin ekonomik geli\u015fmesini k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yor. Her 21 y\u0131lda ikiye katlanan k\u00fcresel su talebi kar\u015f\u0131lanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fan toplumsal gerilimler gittik\u00e7e k\u00f6t\u00fclemekte. Serageldin\u2019e g\u00f6re gelecek y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sava\u015flar\u0131 petrolden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fil sudan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n
Oysa, Wolf\u2019un incelemelerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada 1999 \u00f6ncesi 50 y\u0131l boyunca \u201csu sava\u015f\u0131\u201d olmam\u0131\u015f; ama, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin aras\u0131nda suyla ili\u015fkili 37 askeri eylem ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f. \u0130lgin\u00e7 olan bunun 30\u2019unun \u0130srail ile kom\u015fular\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131. Askeri sald\u0131r\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u0130srail\u2019in 1960\u2019te Suriye\u2019nin \u00dcrd\u00fcn nehri yukar\u0131 kesiminde ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcm Araplar \u0130\u00e7in Su\u201d projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan \u00e7evirme yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 an\u0131labilir. Ortado\u011fu Bar\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci\u2019nde \u0130srail\u2019li g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerden olan Hidroloji Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Uri Shamir yine de \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cBar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in bir siyasal niyet varsa, su sorunu bunu engelleyemez. Ama, sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in neden ar\u0131yorsan\u0131z, su size iyi bir f\u0131rsat verir. \u201d Nitekim, ne 1923\u2019te manda topraklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilirken ve ne de 1948\u2019de ate\u015fkes hatlar\u0131 belirlenirken su kaynaklar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gershon Baskin\u2019in de\u011ferlendirmesine g\u00f6re, \u0130srail 1993 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde Bat\u0131 Yakas\u0131 akiferlerindeki kadar su sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f ve yine de suyun mal olu\u015fu \u0130srail\u2019in ulusal gelirinin %0,67\u2019sini ge\u00e7memi\u015fti. Su tek ba\u015f\u0131na sava\u015f nedeni olamazd\u0131. Ama, izleyen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda Filistin\u2019in su kaynaklar\u0131na el koymak ya da kom\u015fu arap \u00fclkelerinin su yap\u0131lar\u0131na zarar vermek \u0130srail\u2019in bir b\u00f6lgesel hegemonya takti\u011fi olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yoksa, i\u015fbirliklerinin i\u015faretleri de \u00e7ok. \u0130nd\u00fcs Nehri Komisyonu da, Hindistan ve Pakistan sava\u015ftayken bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130srail ile \u00dcrd\u00fcn, teknik olarak sava\u015ftayken bile 1950\u2019den beri \u00dcrd\u00fcn Nehri\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in gizli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131yor. Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Julie Trottier\u2019in (2004) \u201cSu Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 bir hegemonik kavram, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hegemonyalar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmede yararland\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u0131srarla yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bir kavram olarak niteledi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da, \u00f6zellikle \u0130srail siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131nda Arap-\u0130srail \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda suya nas\u0131l ayr\u0131 bir yer verildi\u011fi ve bazen ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 propagandalarla bunun nas\u0131l canl\u0131 tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konuyor.<\/p>\n
Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, yenilen, bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulan taraf olan Arap topraklar\u0131nda su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak artt\u0131rmak ve Araplar\u0131 bu topraklardan s\u00fcrmenin bir arac\u0131 olarak kullanmak, Araplar aras\u0131nda da \u201csu sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n yer etmesini sa\u011flayabiliyor.<\/p>\n
Gelece\u011fin \u201csu sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dna gebe oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin, bu konuda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir zaferin nas\u0131l sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi de gerekli. Stockholm Uluslararas\u0131 Su Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden Anders Jaegerskog “e\u011fer bir nehrin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc denetleyebilecek \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgeye egemen olursan\u0131z, orada ya\u015fayanlara da su sa\u011flamak zorundas\u0131n\u0131z. Bir su sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kazan\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek \u00e7ok zor.” diyor. Bunun gibi, uluslar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler uzmanlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de Toronto \u00dcniversitesi Bar\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Program\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f sava\u015flarda ya\u015fanan yenilenemeyen do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n talan\u0131n\u0131n, yenilenebilir kaynaklar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Tarihte ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dolays\u0131z bi\u00e7imde yenilenebilir kaynaklar i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir sava\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fi yok. Kom\u015fu bir \u00fclke suyu ve tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcremiyor. \u00d6te yandan ekonomileri yenilenebilir kaynaklara \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler genellikle olduk\u00e7a yoksul ve sald\u0131r\u0131da kullanabilecekleri ordu ve silahlara sahip olmalar\u0131 da \u00e7ok zor. Bu nedenlerle su gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklar i\u00e7in sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.<\/p>\n
Nehirlerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 buna istisna olu\u015fturuyor. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak %40\u2019\u0131 birden \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 263 nehir havzas\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bu havzalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinde ortak su y\u00f6netimine ili\u015fkin bir anla\u015fma yok. Konu ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha karma\u015f\u0131k ta olsa, bu havzalarda \u201csu sava\u015f\u0131\u201d riski h\u0131zla art\u0131yor. Ak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00fclkeler ulusal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek kadar bu suya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ise; kaynak taraf\u0131ndaki \u00fclke suyun ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamak durumunda ise; iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda tarihten gelen bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc varsa; ve en \u00f6nemlisi, ak\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131ndaki \u00fclke askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ise risk y\u00fcksek. D\u00fcnyada b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu havza ise \u00e7ok az. En tipik \u00f6rnek Nil. M\u0131s\u0131r nehrin suyuna \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131, tarihsel olarak havza yukar\u0131s\u0131ndaki kom\u015fular\u0131 olan Sudan ve Etyopya ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fadurmu\u015f ve \u00f6tekilerden \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Nil\u2019den yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok kere sava\u015fa yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ta.<\/p>\n
Ancak, Ganj Nehri\u2019ndeki durum daha ge\u00e7erli. Hindistan \u015fimdilerde burada b\u00fcy\u00fck Farakka Baraj\u0131n\u0131 kuruyor ve bu, ak\u0131\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131ndaki Banglade\u015f\u2019in tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131 ve k\u00f6ylerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkiler do\u011furacak. Yine de burada bile sava\u015f olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131f. Ayn\u0131 durum, Mekong, \u0130nd\u00fcs, Pirana ve F\u0131rat i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n
Gerilim yaratmaya yatk\u0131n giri\u015fimler daha \u00e7ok baraj yap\u0131mlar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yap\u0131lan bir de\u011ferlendirmeye g\u00f6re 5 k\u0131tada 51 \u00fclkenin ilintili oldu\u011fu b\u00f6ylesi havzalar var. Postel ve Wolf(2001)\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 harita bu havzalar\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Siyah\u0131ms\u0131 renkli olan havzalar risk alt\u0131ndaki havzalar. Koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkle g\u00f6sterilenler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya da anla\u015fmalara konu olan havzalar. Sar\u0131 renkli alanlar uluslar aras\u0131 havzalar.<\/p>\n
Chietigj Bajpaee\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re, yeni y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu gerilimlerde Asya \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacak gibi. Asya\u2019da, 57 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 su havzas\u0131 var. Orta Asya, G\u00fcney Asya ve Mekong Havzas\u0131 en gergin b\u00f6lgeler. Orta Asya\u2019da Hazar Denizine k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131 ve Siri Derya ve Amu Derya nehirlerinin sular\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda kaynak b\u00f6lgesi \u00fclkeleri olan K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Tacikistan ile ak\u0131\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler olan Kazakistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan ve \u00d6zbekistan aras\u0131ndaki gerilimler ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. G\u00fcney Asya\u2019da, Wular Baraj\u0131 ile ilgili Hindistan-Pakistan gerilimi, Farraka Baraj\u0131 ile ilgili Hindistan-Banglade\u015f gerilimi ve Mahakali Irma\u011f\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ilgili olarak ta Hindistan-Nepal gerilimleri \u00f6nemli. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da Mekong Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 denetleyecek olan barajlar yapmaya kalk\u0131\u015fan 6 ilgili \u00fclke, Kambo\u00e7ya-\u00c7in-Laos-Mynamar-Tayland-Vietnam aras\u0131nda gerilimler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Bu b\u00f6lgelerde, bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere olu\u015fturulan 1957 Mekong Irma\u011f\u0131 Komitesi ve onu izleyen Mekong Irma\u011f\u0131 Komisyonu; Hindistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan 1920 Sarada, 1954 Kosi ve 1959 Gandak anla\u015fmalar\u0131; yine Hindistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131nda 1960\u2019ta yap\u0131lan \u0130nd\u00fcs Irma\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131; 1977 tarihli Hindistan-Pakistan Ganj Irma\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131; ve Kazakistan-\u00d6zbekistan aras\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131tlanan 1988 tarihli \u201cSiri Derya Havzas\u0131n\u0131n Su ve Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131nn Kullan\u0131m\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d her \u015feyi \u00e7\u00f6zemeyen geli\u015fmeler oldu.<\/p>\n
Olas\u0131 bir su \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na aday bir b\u00f6lge de \u00c7in\u2019den do\u011fup Myanmar ve Tayland\u2019a akan Salween Irma\u011f\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin de barajlar ve kalk\u0131nma projeleri var. Ama a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki \u00fclke bir \u015fey yapamazken, yeni s\u00fcperg\u00fc\u00e7 \u00c7in suyu payla\u015fmaya yana\u015fm\u0131yor. BM\u2019in 1997 uluslararas\u0131 sular konvansiyonunu imzalamam\u0131\u015f olan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkeden biri olan \u00c7in\u2019in Tibet\u2019teki kalk\u0131\u015fma, Bangkok\u2019taki afyon \u00fcretimi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artan n\u00fcfusundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 var. Bu \u00f6rnek, su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda var olan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve gerilimlere ek bir etken oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Mekong Havzas\u0131 en \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131 ilgilendiren en gergin y\u00f6relerden biri. Asya Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131 Mekong alt havzas\u0131nda 1992\u2019de ticaret ve ileti\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131yla bir kalk\u0131nd\u0131rma giri\u015fimi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Alt\u0131 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda elektrik a\u011f\u0131 kurulacakt\u0131. Mekong Havzas\u0131 6 milyon kilometre kare alana sahip ve burada 240 milyon ki\u015fi ya\u015f\u0131yor. Tibet Plato\u2019sunda do\u011fan 4880 km uzunluklu Mekong \u00c7in\u2019in Yunnan B\u00f6lgesi, Myanmar, Laos, Tayland, Kambo\u00e7ya ve Vietnam\u2019dan ge\u00e7ip G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ne bo\u015fal\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyada i\u00e7 sulardan elde edilen bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n %20\u2019si buradan elde ediliyor. 70 milyon ki\u015fi de besin, su ve ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bu \u0131rmaktan sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\u00c7in elektri\u011finin %60\u2019\u0131n\u0131 hidrolikten sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck baraj projesi var. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 da Mekong Havzas\u0131\u2019nda. Burada, ilki 1996\u2019da tamamlanan Manwan Baraj\u0131 olan birbirini izleyen sekiz b\u00fcy\u00fck baraj yap\u0131lacak. Bunlar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havzan\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plar olacak. \u00c7in bu giri\u015fimleri ile, ilgili \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fine yana\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bilgi vermekten bile ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yor. Bu durum \u00f6teki \u00fclkeleri de kendi projelerini ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irme do\u011frutusunda zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcney Asya \u00fclkesi Pakistan-Banglade\u015f-Nepal, Hindistan ile su konusunda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fad\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cKutsal Sular\u201d b\u00f6lgesi, \u201cKutsal Sava\u015flara\u201d itildi. Aralar\u0131nda 1960 \u0130ndus Irma\u011f\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 olsa da akarsular\u0131n kaynak kesimlerinde egemen olan Hindistan hep Pakistan\u2019\u0131n su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslemek zorunda kal\u0131yor. Hindistan, do\u011fusundaki \u00c7in-Banglade\u015f-Nepal ile de, Amazon\u2019dan sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00e7ok su ak\u0131tan akarsu sistemindeki uygulamalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc gerginlikler ya\u015f\u0131yor. Mahakali Irma\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde Tanakpur Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 1998\u2019de gerilimi artt\u0131rd\u0131. Hindistan\u2019dan Banglade\u015f\u2019e tam 54 \u0131rmak ak\u0131yor. Ba\u015fka s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bu suya ya\u015famsal ba\u011flar\u0131 olan Banglade\u015f ve Hindistan her \u015feyden \u00f6nce aralar\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n 180 km\u2019lik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan Ganj Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na beton setler yaparak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafta erozyona neden olmakla su\u00e7luyorlar, birbirlerini. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 1970\u2019te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Farraka Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Banglade\u015f\u2019e akan suyu azaltmas\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka gerilim nedeni. Banglade\u015f, Hindistan\u0131 Yukar\u0131 Ganj\u2019daki ak\u0131m verilerini kendisine vermeyip ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilmesini engellemekle su\u00e7luyor. Son olarak Hindistan\u2019\u0131n iki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131rmak aras\u0131nda su aktar\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 15 milyar dolarl\u0131k projesinin de, Banglade\u015f\u2019in Brahmaputra ve Ganj \u0131rmaklar\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha az su alabilece\u011fi kayg\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fan bir gerginlik var.<\/p>\n
\u00c7in\u2019in Tibet \u0131rmaklar\u0131ndan GD Asya\u2019ya su \u00e7evirme planlar\u0131 da bu d\u00f6rt \u00fclkeyi birlikte endi\u015felendiriyor.<\/p>\n
K\u0131sacas\u0131 Asya\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131n %20\u2019si zaten yeterli suya eri\u015femezken, k\u0131tadaki 60 kadar su havzas\u0131 da \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 gerilimlere konu ya da buna aday.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Bostwana ve Namibya da defalarca \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine geldiler, su y\u00fcz\u00fcnden. Kuzey Afrika\u2019da Kaddafi Libya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n fosil sular\u0131 t\u00fcketmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ba\u015fta Cezayir olmak \u00fczere kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 germeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
ABD ve Meksika aras\u0131nda Kolorado Irma\u011f\u0131 suyunun payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda s\u00fcregelen anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar var.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fam suyu F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin art arda kurdu\u011fu barajlar da, gelecekte su sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in olas\u0131 nedenler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Orta Do\u011fu\u2019nun yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 eylemden ka\u00e7\u0131nmayan k\u00fcresel kapitalizm, gelecekte bu sular\u0131 egemenlik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n gereklerine g\u00f6re sava\u015f ya da bar\u0131\u015f nedeni olarak kullanmak \u00fczere, dillendirmek ve ilgiyi diri tutmaya kararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olas\u0131 su sava\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131labilecekler var, ku\u015fkusuz. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki su t\u00fcketiminin %70\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tar\u0131mda sulama verimlili\u011fini artt\u0131racak geleneksel ve yeni teknikleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak geliyor. <\/p>\n
\u201cSu sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 g\u00fcndemde tutmaya, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde egemenlik kurmak ve bunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye kararl\u0131 olan emperyalizm, siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin \u00f6nemli bir arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131yor \u201csu sava\u015f\u0131\u201d hayaletini.<\/p>\n
Ama, hi\u00e7 kimse su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00fczmilyonlarca ki\u015fiye besin ve hijyen sa\u011flanamamas\u0131na, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yoksulla\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funa, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klardan k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, toplumsal huzursuzluk ve \u015fiddetin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na, g\u00f6\u00e7lere neden oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z etmekten \u0131srarla ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yor. Su nerede k\u0131tsa orada devasa projelerle baraj ve sulama yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dayat\u0131yor, bunu finanse ediyor gibi yap\u0131p o \u00fclkeleri daha da bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131yor, su \u00e7evriminin d\u00fczenini bozuyor, insanlar\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan ediyor. Dayatt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fctlesel end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcbre ve ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulamay\u0131, sular\u0131n giderek tuzlanmas\u0131n\u0131, topraklar\u0131n art\u0131k \u0131rmaklardan beslenememesini, tuzlu sularla \u00e7orakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, \u2026 y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 dayat\u0131yor. Fazla \u00fcretim y\u00fczmilyonlarca yetersiz beslenene ula\u015fm\u0131yor da, borsa fiyatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bazen denize d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Yine hi\u00e7 kimse as\u0131l sava\u015f\u0131n yeterli nitelik ve nicelikte suya eri\u015femeyen halk kesimleri ile \u201csu t\u00fcccarlar\u0131\u201d, sudan rant sa\u011flayanlar aras\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek istemiyor. Tersine k\u00fcresel kapitalizm, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kentlerinde su sa\u011flama, iletme ve da\u011f\u0131tma i\u015fletmelerini \u00f6zelle\u015ftirip suyu pahal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn akarsular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirip suya eri\u015fime fiyat bi\u00e7meyi, her yerde end\u00fcstrinin kirletti\u011fi suyu kamu kaynaklar\u0131yla temizlemeye, suyu her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ticarile\u015ftirmeyi h\u0131rsla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fanmayan su sava\u015flar\u0131, kapitalizmin egemen olmas\u0131yla kap\u0131ya dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi, k\u00fcresel kapitalizm bunu bir tehdit, bir silah olarak ta kullan\u0131yor, kom\u015fu \u00fclkeleri birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp egemenli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Bunun i\u00e7in \u201cSu Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n kap\u0131da oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 yaymaya ve peki\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Hay\u0131r, as\u0131l \u201csu sava\u015f\u0131\u201d suyun ticarile\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan halklarla, suya el koymaya kararl\u0131 kapitalistler aras\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 bile. Bolivya\u2019da, Brezilya\u2019da, Arjantin\u2019de, Hindistan\u2019da, G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde, \u0130talya\u2019da, \u0130stanbul Maden Mahallesi\u2019nde, \u00c7orlu\u2019da, Bey\u015fehir\u2019de, Rize\u2019de, Munzur\u2019da, Hasankeyf\u2019te bu sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6rnekleri izleniyor. Bu sava\u015f kanl\u0131, bombal\u0131 de\u011fil; ama, \u00e7ok kararl\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc olacak.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n * Tahir \u00d6NG\u00d6R, Jeoloji Y\u00fcksek M\u00fchendisi<\/p>\n Makale TMMOB JMO B\u00fclteni i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. – <\/strong>ekolojisler.org<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0130ki S\u00fcmer kent devleti, Lagash ve Umma aras\u0131nda 4500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce sulamada kullan\u0131lacak sular\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan sava\u015f, \u201cSu Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201dndan s\u00f6z eden herkesin de\u011findi\u011fi bir olay. Son y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n i\u00e7inde de Nil, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Ganj ve Parana Irmaklar\u0131, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7eki\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftu. \nAma, bu hep te b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131.\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":40571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4689],"tags":[51],"class_list":{"0":"post-860","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-secki","8":"tag-su-forumu"},"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=860"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/860\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eonmeet.com\/pol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}